UNIVERSITY OFJ ILLINOIS BULLETIN
ISSUE
Vol. XV SEPTEMBER 10, 1917 No. 2
[Entered as second-class matter Dec. 11, 1312, at the Post Office at Urbana, 111., under the Act of Aug. 24, 1912.)
COMPABATIVE TESTS OP SIX SIZES
OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO
LOCOMOTIVE
BY
EDWARD C. SCHMIDT, JOHN M. SNODGRASS
AND
OTTO S. BEYER, JR.
BULLETIN No. 101
ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
PUBLISHED BT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA
PRICE: FIFTY CENTS
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Engineering Experiment Station was established by act of the
X Board of Trustees, December 8, 1903. It is the purpose of the
Station to carry on investigations along various lines of engineer-
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to the manufacturing, railway, mining, constructional, and industrial
interests of the State.
The control of the Engineering Experiment Station is vested in the
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constitute the Station Staff and, with the Director, determine the char-
acter of the investigations to be undertaken. The work is carried on
under the supervision of the Staff, sometimes by research fellows as
graduate work, sometimes by members of the instructional staff of the
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to the Station corps.
The results of these investigations are published in the form of
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ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION,
URBANA, ILLINOIS
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
BULLETIN No. 101 SEPTEMBER, 1917
COMPARATIVE TESTS OF SIX SIZES OF
ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO
LOCOMOTIVE
BY
EDWARD C. SCHMIDT
PROFESSOR OF RAILWAY ENGINEERING
JOHN M. SNODGRASS
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF RAILWAY MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AND
OTTO S. BEYER, JR.
FIRST ASSISTANT IN RAILWAY ENGINEERING, ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA
CONTENTS
PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION 7
1. Preliminary Statement 7
2. Acknowledgments 9
II. PURPOSE AND PROGRAM 10
III. THE COAL USED 11
3. Source and Mining Methods 11
4. Preparation 12
5. Chemical Analyses 13
6. The Make-up of the Coals as Received ... 14
7. The Make-up of the Coals as Fired .... 21
IV. THE LOCOMOTIVE 25
8. Design and Main Dimensions 25
9. Inspection . 26
V. THE LABORATORY 26
VI. FIRING METHODS 29
10. Coal Measurements .29
11. Firing Methods 31
VII. TEST CONDITIONS 32
12. Drafts . . . 33
13. Temperatures 34
14. Superheat and Branch-pipe Pressure .... 34
15. Rate of Combustion and Rate of Evaporation . 34
VIII. THE RESULTS OF THE TESTS 36
16. Actual Evaporation per Pound of Coal ... 36
17. Equivalent Evaporation per Pound of Dry Coal . 36
18. Cinder Losses 47
19. Heat Distribution 52
IX. CONCLUSIONS 55
CONTENTS (Continued)
PAGE
APPENDIX I. THE LOCOMOTIVE . 58
20. General Design 58
21. The Boiler, Firebox, and Front End .... 58
22. The Cylinders and the Valves . . • . . . . 65
APPENDIX II. TEST METHODS AND CALCULATIONS . . / . 66
23. Duration of Tests . . . . . , . . . 66
24. Beginning and Closing a Test 67
25. Temperatures, Pressures, etc. . .• 67
26. Flue Gas Sampling and Analysis 67
27. Samples of Coal, Ash, and Cinders for Chemical
Analysis . . ,-.•-.„ 68
28. Chemical Analysis of Coal, Ash, and Cinders . 69
29. Samples of Coal for Mechanical Analysis . . 70
30. Smoke Records . . 70
31. Methods of Calculation 70
APPENDIX III. TABULATED DATA AND RESULTS 72
APPENDIX IV. CYLINDER PERFORMANCE 91
32. Medium Rate Tests 91
33. High Rate Tests 91
34. Variations in Power . 92
APPENDIX V. COMPARISON OF LONG AND SHORT TESTS
93
LIST OF FIGURES
NO. PAGE
1. The Laboratory Coal Screen .17
2. The Six Sizes of Coal Used during the Tests, in the Condition in Which
They Were Delivered at the Laboratory 18
3. The Size Elements of the Mine Run Coal ..... 19
4. The Size Elements of the Two-inch by Three-inch Nut Coal . 19
5. The Size Elements of the Three-inch by Six-inch Egg Coal .... 19
6. The Size Elements of the Two-inch Lump Coal .... ... 20
7. The Size Elements of the Two-inch Screenings 20
8. The Size Elements of the One and One-quarter-inch Screenings . . . 20
9. The Make-up of the Coals in the Condition in Which They Were Received 22
10. The Make-up of the Mine Run and the Lump Coals, as Received and as
Fired ........ 23
11. The Make-up of the Coals in the Condition in Which They Were Fired . 24
12. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Locomotive, 4837, Identical in Design with
the One Used in the Tests . . 27
13. An Interior View of the Laboratory, with a Locomotive in Test Position . 28
14. Cross Section of the Cinder Collector and Stack . . . 30
15. Various Test Conditions, for Both the Medium and High Rate Tests . . 35
16. The Relation between Equivalent Evaporation per Pound of Dry Coal
and the Rate of Evaporation, for Each Size of Coal Tested .... 43
17. The Relative Evaporative Efficiencies of the Coals for the Medium Rate
Tests .....'. . . 46
18. The Relative Evaporative Efficiencies of the Coals for the High Rate
Tests .......,.:.... 46
19. The Cinder Losses, Expressed in Per Cent of the Heat in the Coal and as
Per Cent of the Weight of the Dry Coal 48
20. The Relation between Cinder Loss and the Per Cent of Fine Material in
the Coal .................. 49
21. The Distribution of the Heat during Both the Medium Rate and the High
Rate Tests .................. 53
22. The Sum of the Heat Absorbed by the Boiler and the Heat Lost in the
Cinders, for Both the Medium Rate and the High Rate Tests ... 54
23. Side Elevation of Baltimore and Ohio Locomotive, 4846 59
24. Partial Front Elevation . . . ... ... 60
25. Rear Elevation and Section through the Cab . . . . ." . . .61
26. Longitudinal Section through the Boiler 62
27. The Front-end Arrangement and the Superheater 64
28. The Grates 64
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
NO. PAGE
29. Graphical Log for Medium Rate Test fto. 2416 . -. . . . . . . 89
30. Graphical Log for High Rate Test No. 2405 ......... 90
31. Representative Indicator Diagrams for Both the Medium and the High
Rate Tests 92
LIST OF TABLES
NO. PAGE
1. The Chemical Analyses and Heating Values of the Coals 14
2. The Size Elements of the Coals as Received at the Laboratory ... 16
3. The Make-up of the Coals as Received at the Laboratory 21
4. The Make-up of the Mine Run and the Lump Coal, Both as Received
and as Fired . 24
5. Approximate Thicknesses of Fire Carried 32
6. Test Conditions and Principal Results . 37-40
7. The Actual Evaporation per Pound of Coal as Fired and also per Pound
of Dry Coal .........: 41
8. The Equivalent Evaporation per Pound of Dry Coal for Both the Medium
and the High Rate Tests . . . . 42
9. The Relative Standing of the Various Sizes Based on Corrected Values of
the Equivalent Evaporation per Pound of Dry Coal 44
10. Per Cent of Fine Material in Coal, and Losses Due to Stack Cinders . . 51
11. General Conditions . 73
12. Temperatures 74
13. Pressures 75
14. Quality of Steam, Coal, Cinders and Ash, and Air Supply 76
15. Coal, Cinders, Ash, Smoke, and Humidity 77
16. Coal Analysis 78
17. Calorific Value of Coal and Cinders, Analysis of Front End Gases ... 79
18. Water and Drawbar Pull 80
19. Boiler Performance — Coal and Evaporation 81
20. Boiler Performance — Evaporation and Equivalent Evaporation ... 82
21. Boiler Performance — Heat Transfer, Equivalent Evaporation, Horse
Power and Efficiency 83
22. Engine Performance 84
23. General Locomotive Performance 85
24. Analysis of Ash and Stack Cinders 86
25. Heat Balance — British Thermal Units . . . . . . *. . . . .87
26. Heat Balance — Percentage 88
27. Information Concerning the Indicator Diagrams Shown in Fig. 37 . . 92
28. Test Conditions and Principal Results for Six Tests, Which Have Been
Divided into Three Tests Each , 94-96
COMPARATIVE TESTS OF SIX SIZES OF ILLINOIS COAL
ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Preliminary Statement. — Until a few years ago practically all
of the coal used on locomotives was mine-run coal — the entire un-
screened products of the mines. In recent years, however, increasing
quantities of screened lump coal have been used in locomotive service.
This increase in the consumption of lump coal has been due partly to
economic factors, such as the increasing market for the screenings
which result from the production of lump coal ; and partly to the belief
that lump coal, when burned on a locomotive, produces enough more
steam than mine-run coal to compensate for its greater cost. Special
considerations, such as the desire to lessen the amount of smoke formed,
have also led in some instances to the use of lump coal, which is gen-
erally believed to require less skill in firing than mine-run coal. Be-
cause of the gradual adoption of mechanical stokers for locomotives,
the railroads are also using constantly increasing amounts of various
sizes of screenings for locomotive fuel. Thus far they have made com-
paratively little use of any except the sizes mentioned, although traffic
and market conditions occasionally make it feasible and desirable to
employ such sizes as egg, egg-run, and nut coal on locomotives, pro-
vided the prices are such as to warrant their use.
Under these circumstances railway purchasing departments are
continually confronted with the problem of choosing between mine-
run and lump coal, and occasionally with that of choosing between
these and other sizes as well as between various sizes of screenings.
For such a choice, information regarding the relative values of the
various sizes of coal in locomotive service is obviously essential; but
unfortunately very little such information is in existence. Nearly all
locomotive laboratory tests have been made with mine-run coal, and
what little information is available concerning the relative values of
mine-run and lump coal has been derived from road tests, and is
inadequate and conflicting. There are practically no data concerning
the other sizes.
An appreciation of the situation thus briefly reviewed, and a
recognition of the economic importance of reliable information on this
7
8 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
subject led, in 1914, to the appointment by The International Railway
Fuel Association of a special Committee on Fuel Tests. This com-
mittee was instructed to arrange tests in locomotive service for various
sizes of coal in order to determine their steam-producing capacities
and to define their relative values. This committee held its first meet-
ing in November, 1914, at the University of Illinois, and arrangements
then broached in conference between the committee and the repre-
sentatives of the Engineering Experiment Station of the University
later resulted in an agreement for co-operation between the Fuel Asso-
ciation, the University, and the United States Bureau of Mines in
carrying on an investigation of the subject under consideration. The
tests whose results are here presented constitute the beginning of this
investigation. The agreement contemplates the continuation of the
research on coals from various other fields. Under the terms of this
agreement the University of Illinois has furnished the facilities of its
locomotive laboratory, the services of the staff of its department of
railway engineering, and a portion of the funds required for the tests ;
the Fuel Association has provided the remainder of the funds; and
the Bureau of Mines has made all the chemical analyses and the heat
determinations of the coal, ash, and cinders. In perfecting these ar-
rangements, the Fuel Association was represented by the committee
whose members are named in Section 2 ; and the Bureau of Mines, by
Director Van. H. Manning, and Mr. 0. P. Hood, Chief Mechanical
Engineer.
The funds supplied by the Fuel Association were obtained by
subscription and did not become available until the Spring of 1916;
the locomotive, then under construction, was not delivered until the
Fall of that year. The tests were begun in December, 1916, and
were completed in February, 1917.
The body of this bulletin contains information concerning the
test program, the coal, the locomotive, the laboratory, the test methods
and conditions, and the results. Appendixes I, II, and III contain
more detailed statements regarding the locomotive and the methods,
and complete tabulated results. In Appendix IV, there are presented
certain data relating to engine performance. In Appendix V, there
are the results of a few of the tests which, in order to study the uni-
formity of conditions during their progress, were divided into three
periods, and the data for each period were separately calculated.
The results of this investigation have already been presented in
a report to the International Railway Fuel Association Convention
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 9
held in Chicago in May, 1917 ; and, in somewhat different form, will
appear in the Proceedings of the Association for this year.
2. Acknowledgments. — The Committee on Fuel Tests previously
referred to, under whose direction the work was planned and the
general program denned, was composed of the following:
J. G. CRAWFORD, Fuel Engineer, Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, Chairman
H. B. BROWN, General Fuel Inspector, Illinois Central Rail-
road
W. P. HAWKINS, Fuel Agent, Missouri Pacific Railway Sys-
tem
0. P. HOOD, Chief Mechanical Engineer, United States
Bureau of Mines
L. R. PYLE, Fuel Supervisor, Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault
Ste. Marie Railroad
W. L. ROBINSON, Supervisor of Fuel Consumption, Baltimore
& Ohio Railroad
E. C. SCHMIDT, Professor of Railway Engineering, University
of Illinois
The locomotive used during the tests was loaned by the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad Company, through the interest and courtesy of
Mr. J. M. DAVIS, Vice President ; Mr. F. H. CLARK, General Superin-
tendent of Motive Power; and Mr. M. K. BARNUM, Assistant to the
Vice President. The tests came at a time when traffic demands were
extraordinary, and the loan of the locomotive constituted as great a
contribution to the work as that made by any other agency.
The funds provided by the International Railway Fuel Association
were donated to the Association by the following railroads, coal com-
panies, and railway supply manufacturers :
ATCHISON, TOPEKA, AND SANTA FE RAILWAY
ATLANTIC COAST LINE RAILWAY
BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD
CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY
CHICAGO, INDIANAPOLIS, AND LOUISVILLE RAILWAY
ERIE RAILROAD
LONG ISLAND RAILROAD
MINNEAPOLIS, ST. PAUL, AND SAULT STE. MARIE RAILWAY
NORFOLK AND WESTERN RAILWAY
10 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
ST. Louis SOUTHWESTERN RAILWAY
SEABOARD AIR LINE RAILWAY
BIG MUDDY COAL AND IRON COMPANY
T. C. KELLER AND COMPANY
OLD BEN COAL CORPORATION
W. P. REND AND COMPANY
SOUTHERN COAL AND MINING COMPANY
TAYLOR COAL COMPANY
UNITED COAL MINING COMPANY
AMERICAN ARCH COMPANY
AMERICAN LOCOMOTPTE COMPANY
FRANKLIN RAILWAY SUPPLY COMPANY
LOCOMOTIVE STOKER COMPANY
LOCOMOTIVE SUPERHEATER COMPANY
THE PILLIOD COMPANY
The Locomotive Stoker Company and the Baltimore and Ohio,
the Chicago and Northwestern, the Erie, and the Minneapolis, St.
Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railroad Companies each delegated to the
laboratory a man to act as test observer and calculator for the entire
period of the tests. Mr. L. R. Pyle, Fuel Supervisor of the road
last named, was in charge of the cab operations and supervised the
work of the fireman. The uniformity attained in the firing and in
the conditions of combustion was due largely to the experience and
skill of Mr. Pyle.
The department of mining engineering of the University of Illinois
contributed the use of its laboratory facilities for crushing and sam-
pling the coal and analysing the flue gas ; and Professors H. H. Stock
and E. A. Holbrook of that department gave advice on many matters
connected with the investigation. The laboratory coal screen used in
the tests was designed by Professor Holbrook.
II. PURPOSE AND PROGRAM
As has been stated, the ultimate purpose of the tests was to deter-
mine the relative values of different sizes of coal when burned on
a locomotive. The immediate purpose was to find for each size, at
two rates of evaporation, the number of pounds of water evaporated
per pound of coal, in the expectation that these values of evaporation
would provide a proper basis for comparing the performance of the
sizes and for defining their relative values. The tests were made .on a
Mikado (2-8-2) type locomotive.
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
11
Six sizes of Franklin County, Illinois, coal were selected — mine
run, 2-inch by 3-inch nut, 3-inch by 6-inch egg, 2-inch lump, 2-inch
screenings, and 1%-inch screenings. The general test program in-
volved for each size of coal six tests, three of which were made at a
medium rate of evaporation, and the remaining three at a high rate.
The medium rate was chosen to represent an average rate of working
the locomotive, in so far as it is possible to define such an average.
During tests run at this medium rate about 23,000 pounds of water
were evaporated per hour under the prevailing conditions of steam
pressure, superheat temperature and feedwater temperature; from
3,100 to 4,300 pounds of coal were fired per hour ; and the engine was
worked at 33 per cent cut-off and at about 19 miles per hour, develop-
ing approximately 1,300 indicated horse power and about 22,500
pounds drawbar pull. During' tests when the engine was worked at
the high rate of evaporation, about 43,000 pounds of water were evapo-
rated per hour, the hourly coal consumption varied from about 7,000
to 9,300 pounds, the cut-off and speed were respectively 55 per cent
and 26 miles per hour, while the horse power was about 2,200, and the
drawbar pull about 28,500 pounds.
The number of tests actually run with each size at each rate of
evaporation was as follows :
SIZE OP COAL
No. of Tests at
the Medium Rate
of Evaporation
No. of Tests at
the High Rate
of Evaporation
Mine Run
2* x 3* Nut
3
4
3
3
3" x 6* Ecg
3 •
3
2 Lump
3
4
2* Screenings
3
2
\^/i* Screenings
3
2
III. THE COAL USED
3. Source and Mining Methods. — All coal used during the tests
was secured from the United Coal Mining Company's Mine No. 1,
located one mile east of Christopher, Franklin County, Illinois, on
the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Kail-
roads. This mine was chosen by the Fuel Association Committee be-
cause western railroads draw a large fuel supply from this field, and
because of its nearness to the locomotive laboratory.
The coal is derived from what is designated by the Illinois Geologi-
12 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
cal Survey as bed No. 6 of the Carboniferous Age, Carbondale forma-
tion. The bed averages in thickness at this mine about 9 feet and
carries almost throughout, at from 18 to 30 inches from the floor, a
"blue band" variable in thickness and consisting of "bone," shaly
coal, or gray shale. The mine is worked under the room-and-pillar
system, and the coal is undercut with electric chain machines. It
separates at a parting of mother coal about 14 to 30 inches from the
top of the bed, and the coal above this parting is left for the roof.
The coal face and the mine itself are quite uniformly dry.
All the coal was mined, screened, and loaded by the methods
usually employed at the mine for supplying the ordinary commercial
product. It was inspected during the process of loading by one of the
regular fuel inspectors of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Rail-
road, who at the time of inspection took at the tipple samples for
analysis, the results of which were later used to compare the moisture
in the coal when loaded with its moisture content when used at the
laboratory.
While it was originally planned to ship all test coal in box cars to
protect it from the weather during transit and before it could be un-
loaded at the laboratory, only two cars of mine-run coal were so
shipped. Under the prevailing conditions of business and car sup-
ply, the plan proved impracticable and had to be abandoned, and all
coal except these two car loads was shipped in ordinary flat-bottomed
gondola cars. As promptly as possible after its receipt at the labora-
tory— on the average 6 days, and in no instance more than 12 days
after its arrival — the coal was unloaded into covered bins where it
remained protected from the weather until used. The cars were un-
loaded by hand shoveling about as they would have been at some of
the older types of railway coal pockets, and the coal was probably sub-
jected to about the same amount of breakage in this process. The
maximum time which elapsed between loading the coal at the mine
and testing it was 37 days in one instance. Taking the tests as a whole
the average time between loading and testing was about 25 days.
4. Preparation. — At the mine all coal was dumped from the mine
cars into a hopper from which it was run out on a stationary deadplate
where it spread out before reaching the shaking screens. The various
sizes were prepared as follows :
The mine run coal was the entire unselected product of the mine.
The 2-inch lump was made by passing mine run coal over a screen
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 13
having 144 square feet area with 2-inch round openings, and consisted
of everything going over this screen.
The 2-inch by 3-inch nut consisted of what passed over the prev-
iously mentioned screen and through a screen having 72 square feet
area with 3-inch perforations ; and it was re-screened over a stationary
screen having an area of 18 square feet with slots %-inch wide and
8-inches long, and a stationary screen of 20 square feet area with
114-inch round perforations.
The 3-inch by 6-inch egg passed first over a screen having 144
square feet area with 2-inch round perforations and 72 square feet
area with 3-inch round perforations, and then through a screen having
32 square feet area with 6-inch round perforations.
The 2-inch screenings were passed through the screen over which
the 2-inch lump coal was made, namely, 144 square feet area with
2-inch round perforations.
The li4-inch screenings were made at the re-screening plant
through a revolving screen having 411 square feet area of plate with
94-inch round perforations and 188 square feet area of plate with
1^4-inch perforations.
5. Chemical Analyses. — During the progress of each test, while
the coal was being loaded into the charging wagons to be taken to the
firing platform, samples were taken for the purpose of analysis. These
samples varied in amount from 500 to 1000 pounds, and they were
taken according to methods prescribed by the American Society for
Testing Materials as set forth in the year book of the society for 1915.
The sampling process is described in Appendix II. Under arrange-
ments made with the United States Bureau of Mines, all analyses of
coal, ash, and cinders were made at the laboratories of the bureau in
Pittsburgh, where the samples were shipped immediately upon the
conclusion of each test.
The results of these analyses are given for each test in the tables
in Appendix III. The averages of the coal analyses for all tests made
with each grade of coal are presented in Table I. An inspection of
this table reveals a rather unusual uniformity among the various
sizes with regard to their composition and heating value. Consider-
ing all six sizes, the ash content varied from 8.06 per cent to 10.59
per cent and the heating value per pound of dry coal varied from
12,711 to 13,239 B. t. u. The analyses for the two sizes of screenings
correspond very closely in all respects and their average heating value
14
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 1
THE CHEMICAL ANALYSES AND HEATING VALUES OF THE COALS
(The table gives the averages for all tests for each size.)
SIZE OF COAL
Proximate Analyses —
Coal as Fired
Calorific Values
a .
0~
SH
1
3.
SH
Ultimate Analyses —
Coal as Fired
11
l
Mine Run
2' x 3' Nut
3' x 6* Egg
2* Lump
2' Screenings
IJi* Screenings
9.76
8.1434.1847.92
8.6034.8347.70
8.8234.5748.56
9.2734.4647.49
9.2532.0548.1210.59
9.0932.3448.0110.57
8.87
8.06
9.07
0.9511873
0.88 11957 13082 14487 67
0.9412071
0.881181713023
0.851155012727
12926 14463 66 .
130821448767.
132391452368.
63
60
19
1446966.34
1440865.74
0.971155712711 1438565.49
4.28
4.36
4.50
4.23
4.43
4.35
. r>r>
.88
.51
.40
.48
1.43
8.69
8.42
7.99
8.73
7.66
8.10
7.82
8.48
based on dry coal, was only about two per cent less than the average
heating value of the four large sizes. Their average ash content
was 10.58 per cent, and the average ash for the other sizes was
8.94 per cent — a difference of 1.64 per cent. As would be expected,
the mine run occupies an intermediate position between the screen-
ings and the egg, nut and lump, both with regard to ash content
and to heating value. The uniformity of the analyses and of the
heating values makes it clear that such differences in performance
as developed between the various sizes are due chiefly to differences
in their mechanical make-up, and only in small measure to differences
in their chemical composition. This fact is further emphasized by
discussion which appears later in the report.
6. The Make-up of the Coals as Received. — Because of differences
in the nature of the coal, in mining methods, and in methods of prep-
aration, there is frequently much uncertainty about the meaning
of such terms as " mine run," " lump," etc. The mine run grade
from a district where the coal is soft and friable, for example, is
likely to contain a larger proportion of fine coal than mine run made
from a harder coal. Similarly the methods of mining, the use of bar
instead of plate screens, or square-hole instead of round-hole screens,
all entail differences in the make-up of coals which are designated by
identical names. For these reasons the laboratory has devised a
method of screening samples of the coals used during tests for the
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 15
purpose of separating them into their size elements in order to be
able to define and record the actual mechanical make-up of the various
grades.* All the coals used in these tests were thus screened, and
this screening process is referred to in the report as the mechanical
analysis.
The samples for this purpose were taken while the cars were being
unloaded, by methods which are described in Appendix II. Three
carloads each of mine run and lump, and two carloads of each of the
other four grades were received at the laboratory. For both the mine
run and the lump coals, two of the three carloads of each size were
sampled for screening. Samples were taken from each car of nut and
each car of egg, whereas the two cars of 2-inch screenings and the two
cars of 1^-inch screenings were combined for each size, and one sam-
ple only was taken from each. There was thus taken for mechanical
analysis a total of ten samples, each of which weighed about two tons.
These samples were screened by means of the specially designed
shaker screen' shown in Fig. 1. This consists of two inclined steel
frames each of which is supported by four vertical wooden slab
springs. These frames are shaken by connecting rods attached to
the pulley-driven eccentrics which appear at the right of the figure,
and which were run at a speed of 80 revolutions per minute. The
frames carry removable plate screens provided with round perfor-
ations. Five such screens were used perforated respectively with
4-inch, 2-inch, 1-inch, %-inch, and 14-inch holes.
Starting with the 4-inch screen in the upper and the 2-inch screen
in the lower frame, one of the samples — mine run, for example —
was fed over the upper frame and the coal was separated in three
parts; one containing what passed over the 4-inch screen, the other
what passed through the 4-inch screen and over the 2-inch screen, and
the screenings which passed through the 2-inch screen. The first two
portions were then set aside for weighing, the screens were replaced by
the plates with 1-inch and %-inch holes, the screenings were again
fed onto the upper plate and the process repeated, ending finally with
the %-inch screen. In this way the sample was divided into six parts
whose size limits were as designated by the headings of Columns 2
to 7 in Table 2. These parts were then weighed and the ratios of their
weights to that of the original sample were calculated.
* The term "grade" is occasionally used throughout this bulletin instead of the word
"size." It refers solely to one of the six sizes tested, and does not imply any difference in
quality or kind.
16
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
Table 2 presents the average values of these ratios and it defines,
therefore, for each grade the magnitude of the size elements which
went to make up the original coal and thus records definitely its com-
position. The significance of Table 2 is perhaps made clearer by
TABLE 2
THE SIZE ELEMENTS OF THE COALS AS RECEIVED AT THE LABORATORY
(This table gives the direct results of the separation made by the use of the
laboratory screens)
SIZE OF COAL
Per
Cent
over
4*
Screen
Per Cent
through
4* over
2' Screen
Per Cent
through
2" over
1' Screen
Per Cent
through
1* over
H" Screen
Per Cent
through
Yi,' over
YS Screen
Per Cent
through
Yi 'Screen
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mine Run
29.6
22.31
16.81
11.4
7.4
12.5
100.0
2* x 3' Nut
3' x 6' Egg
2" Lump
4l'.6
61.6
63.9
48.3
26.4
30.3
5.3
7.5
33.2
2.8
2.0
1.9
25.7
1.1
1.1
.9
14.2
1.9
2.3
1.7
26.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100 0
\W Screenings . . .
4.5
37.9
20.0
37.6
100.0
1 Derived from plotted curves (Fig. 9).
Figs 3 to 8 inclusive. Each of these illustrations applies to one of the
sizes and each figure is reproduced from a photograph of the various
size elements which came from the screen and which, after weighing,
were assembled side by side as shown in the cuts. These figures pre-
sent graphically the same information as is given in Table 2. Pig. 2
is reproduced from photographs of the original coal samples and repre-
sents the six sizes as they were received at the laboratory.
The facts presented in Table 2 may be re-combined to permit tab-
ular and graphical definitions of the grades in another form. Con-
sidering in Table 2 the 2-inch by 3-inch nut coal, if we add Columns
4 to 7 we find that 36.1 per cent of this coal passes through a 2-inch
screen. Adding Columns 5, 6, and 7 we find that 5.8 per cent will
pass through a 1-inch screen, etc. Obviously also 100 per cent of this
grade passed a 3-inch screen in the original preparation at the mine.
The total per cents passing the various sized screens determined in
this manner from Table 2 are assembled in Table 3, where we find
that for the 2-inch by 3-inch nut coal, 31.1 per cent, 5.8 per cent,
3.0 per cent, and 1.9 per cent passed respectively 2-inch, 1-inch,
%-inch, and %-inch screens. If now we plot as in Fig. 9 the per-
centages given in Table 3, together with the corresponding screen
size, we get for the nut coal curve No. 3 there drawn, which serves to
FIG. 1. THE LABORATORY COAL SCREEN
MINE RUN
2" LUMP
2 X3 NUT
3 X6 EGG
2" SCREENINGS
V SCREENINGS
FIG. 2. THE Six SIZES OF COAL USED DURING THE TESTS, IN THE CONDITION IN
WHICH THEY WERE DELIVERED AT THE LABORATORY
Is g
0 W
r> H
HO NJ
CW
QQ
-
ERRATA
The titles to Fig. 3 and Fig. 6 should
be interchanged, and
The titles to Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 should A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 21
be interchanged. its us to determine not only the
pcj.^xtuc^v.o *tAiAwU U^V^UK,*,^ r^ through the screen openings
marked in Fig. 9, but presumably to determine these percentages for
screens of any intermediate size. The six curves drawn in Fig. 9 are
plotted from the percentage values and the screen sizes given in
Table 3 for each of the grades. Those portions of the curves drawn
with broken lines are not supported by direct experimental data. The
scale shown in the upper part of the diagram represents the screen sizes
which are commonly used in the mines of southern Illinois.
TABLE 3
THE MAKE-UP OF THE COALS AS RECEIVED AT THE LABORATORY
(This table presents the results computed from Table 2)
Per Cent
Per Cent
Per Cent
Per Cent
Per Cent
Per Cent
SIZE OF COAL
over 4*
Screen
through 4*
Screen
through 2*
Screen
through 1*
Screen
through %*
Screen
through %'
Screen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mine Run
29 6
70 4
48 1
31 3
19 9
12 5
2*x3" Nut
36.1
5.8
3.0
1.9
3' x 6" Egg
41.0
59.0
10.7
5.4
3.4
2.3
2* Lump
61.6
38.4
12.0
4.5
2.6
1.7
2* Screenings . . .
1J^" Screenings .
66.8
95.5
41.1
57.6
26.9
37.6
If in Fig. 9, we follow curve No. 5 pertaining to the mine run,
we find that about 90 per cent of it will pass through a screen with
9-inch round holes ; about 87 per cent of it will pass through a 7-inch
screen ; about 70 per cent through a 4-inch screen ; 48 per cent through
a 2-inch screen, and so on. It is interesting to note that the 2-inch by
3-inch nut, the 3-inch by 6-inch egg, and the 2-inch lump contain
nearly the same proportions of coal which passes through holes 1-inch
or less in diameter; whereas in these sizes the proportions of coarser
coal differ materially. Other comparisons are rendered feasible by
having all six sizes thus represented on one diagram. It should be
borne in mind that the curves in Fig. 9 define the make-up of coals in
the condition in which they were unloaded from the cars at the
laboratory.
7. The Make-up of the Coals as Fired. — All grades except the
mine run and lump were unloaded into the charging wagons from
the bins without further preparation, and they were consequently
fired in exactly the condition in which they arrived at the laboratory,
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
21
define its composition and which permits us to determine not only the
percentages which successively pass through the screen openings
marked in Fig. 9, but presumably to determine these percentages for
screens of any intermediate size. The six curves drawn in Fig. 9 are
plotted from the percentage values and the screen sizes given in
Table 3 for each of the grades. Those portions of the curves drawn
with broken lines are not supported by direct experimental data. The
scale shown in the upper part of the diagram represents the screen sizes
which are commonly used in the mines of southern Illinois.
TABLE 3
THE MAKE-UP OF THE COALS AS RECEIVED AT THE LABORATORY
(This table presents the results computed from Table 2)
SIZE OF COAL
Per Cent
over 4*
Screen
Per Cent
through 4*
Screen
Per Cent
through 2*
Screen
Per Cent
through 1*
Screen
Per Cent
through y^'
Screen
Per Cent
through M'
Screen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mine Run
2" x 3* Nut
3' x 6* Egg
29.6
4l!6
70.4
59^6
48.1
36.1
10.7
31.3
5.8
5.4
19.9
3.0
3.4
12.5
1.9
2.3
2* Lump
61.6
38.4
12.0
4.5
2 6
1.7
2' Screenings . . .
1J4* Screenings .
66.8
95.5
41.1
57.6
26.9
37.6
If in Fig. 9, we follow curve No. 5 pertaining to the mine run,
we find that about 90 per cent of it will pass through a screen with
9-inch round holes ; about 87 per cent of it will pass through a 7-inch
screen ; about 70 per cent through a 4-inch screen ; 48 per cent through
a 2-inch screen, and so on. It is interesting to note that the 2-inch by
3-inch nut, the 3-inch by 6-inch egg, and the 2-inch lump contain
nearly the same proportions of coal which passes through holes 1-inch
or less in diameter ; whereas in these sizes the proportions of coarser
coal differ materially. Other comparisons are rendered feasible by
having all six sizes thus represented on one diagram. It should be
borne in mind that the curves in Fig. 9 define the make-up of coals in
the condition in which they were unloaded from the cars at the
laboratory.
7. The Make-up of the Coals as Fired. — All grades except the
mine run and lump were unloaded into the charging wagons from
the bins without further preparation, and they were consequently
fired in exactly the condition in which they arrived at the laboratory,
22
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
except for the breakage incident to unloading and the insignificant
breakage due to shoveling into the charging wagons.
Since, however, the mine run and the lump coals contained as
usual a considerable proportion of lumps too large for proper firing,
the attempt was made to break these two sizes down to the extent
to which, in the judgment of those in charge of the tests, these grades
SIZE OF THE SCREENS-INCHES
FIG. 9.
THE MAKE-UP OF THE COALS IN THE CONDITION IN WHICH
THEY WERE RECEIVED
are generally broken down at the coal chute. These two coals as
fired contain, therefore, a smaller proportion of large lumps than when
they were received and the extent to which this extra preparation
modified the make-up of the coals is defined in the table, the figures,
and the discussion which follow.
After the mechanical analysis samples taken to represent the mine
run and lump coals as received at the laboratory had been screened
and separated as described in the preceding section, the large lumps in
each sample were broken down to the same extent as these sizes were
broken before firing, and under the supervision of the same test
operators who controlled this process during the progress of the tests.
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
23
These reduced samples for mine run and lump coal were accepted as
representing these two grades in the condition in which they were fired,
and they were subjected to the same screening process as has been
previously described. The results of this mechanical analysis are pre-
sented for these two coals "as fired" in Table 4, and the size per-
centages of these grades in the condition in which they were received
are also embodied for comparison's sake in the same table.
SIZE OF THE .SCREENS— INCHES
FIG. 10. THE MAKE-UP or THE MINE RUN AND THE LUMP COALS,
AS RECEIVED AND AS FIRED
The values in Table 4 are plotted in Fig. 10, in which curve No. 5
applies to mine run coal as received and No. 7 to the same grade as
fired; while curves 6 and 8 apply to the 2-inch lump coal in the con-
ditions as received and as fired, respectively. The extent to which
these two sizes were broken down is revealed by an inspection of
Table 4 and Fig. 10. Considering the curves in the figure, it is ap-
parent that the largest lumps in the mine run were somewhat further
broken down than those in the 2-inch Lump. After reduction all
mine run passed through a 5-inch screen, whereas only about 74 per
cent of the lump would pass a screen of this size.
24
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 4
THE MAKE-UP OF THE MINE RUN AND THE LUMP COAL, BOTH AS
RECEIVED AND AS FIRED
SIZE or COAL
Per Cent
over 4'
Screen
Per Cent
through 4*
Screen
Per Cent
through 2'
Screen
Per Cent
through 1*
Screen
Per Cent
through ]/?.'
Screen
Per Cent
through J^'
Screen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mine Run:
As Received . .
As Fired
2' Lump:
As Received . .
As Fired
29.6
13.1
61.6
42.7
70.4
86.9
38.4
57.3
48.11
64.31
12.0
21.0
31.3
34.3
4.5
9.0
19.9
22.0
2.6
5.3
12.5
13.8
1.7
2.0
1 Derived from plotted curves (Fig. 10).
In order to permit comparisons of the mechanical make-up of all
six sizes as fired, curves Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 from Fig. 9 (applying to
the grades which were fired as received) and curves 7 and 8 from Fig.
10 are brought together in Fig. 11, which consequently shows the
make-up of all the grades in the condition in which they were fired
during the tests.
FRANKLIN AND WILLIAMSON CO. iU_i_ .1 SIZE SCREENS
SIZE OF SCREENS— INCHES
FIG. 11. THE MAKE-UP OF THE COALS, IN THE CONDITION IN WHICH
THEY WERE FIRED
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 25
IV. THE LOCOMOTIVE
8. Design and Main Dimensions. — The locomotive used during the
tests was loaned for the purpose by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Company. It was of the Mikado type (2-8-2) ; its road number was
4846, and its classification, Q-7-F. It was built by the Baldwin Loco-
motive Works during the summer of 1916, entered service in Septem-
ber, and upon its arrival at the laboratory, had run approximately
3400 miles. It arrived at the laboratory in excellent condition.
The principal dimensions of the locomotive are as follows:
Total weight, in working orders, Ib. . '284,500
Weight on drivers, Ib . 222,000
Cylinders (simple), diameter and stroke, in 26x32
Diameter of drivers, in. ..;.-... 64
Firebox, length and width, in. . . .' . 120 x 84
Firebox volume, cu. ft. . . . . 348.6
Grate area, sq. ft. * . ...',, 69.8
Heating surface, 2*4 -inch tubes (fire side), sq. ft 2410
Heating surface, 5V2-inch tubes (fire side), sq. ft 973
Heating surface, firebox and tube sheets (fire side) sq. ft. . 247
Heating surface, total (fire side) sq. ft 3630
Heating surface, superheater (fire side) sq. ft 1030
Boiler pressure, Ib. per sq. in 190
Tractive effort, Ib 54587
The boiler was of the wagon-top type with radial stays. It was
equipped with a Schmidt top-header superheater consisting of 34
elements, a Street stoker, and a Security brick arch carried on four
tubes. The front end was self-cleaning and was equipped with a plain
6-inch nozzle-tip without bridge or split, which was used throughout
all tests.
The grates were of the box type, the design of which is shown in
detail in Appendix I. The total air opening through the grates
amounted to 17 square feet or 24.4 per cent of the grate area. The
area of the air inlet to the ash pan amounted to 8.3 square feet or
49 per cent of the air opening through the grates.
The locomotive was regularly equipped with a hand-operated door
which was replaced, however, during the period of the tests by a
Franklin pneumatic door of the butterfly type. This was used during
all tests except those with the two sizes of screenings, which were fired
by means of the Street stoker.
The design of the locomotive is described in further detail in
Appendix I.
26 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
9. Inspection. — In order to ensure uniformity of its condition as
regards accumulations of scale, soot, etc., and to define these condi-
tions, the locomotive, during its stay in the laboratory, was handled
and inspected as follows:
The boiler water was changed every five or six days and the boiler
was washed about every two weeks. More frequent washings were
unnecessary because the laboratory water is relatively free from scale-
forming salts and suspended matter. Monthly inspections in accor-
dance with Interstate Commerce Commission regulations were made
during the test period as during regular service.
During the progress of the earlier tests, in order to ensure uni-
formity in the condition of the heating surfaces, all tubes, flues, and
superheater elements were blown free from soot and small "honey-
comb" immediately before each alternate test. Although there was
nothing in the test results to indicate that this was not being done
often enough, to remove all uncertainty this blowing down process
was gone through before each test during the latter part of the
series. The front end netting was cleaned of all cinders, and the
cinders were removed from the top of the arch at the same time. The
arch was inspected after each test, and all defective bricks were imme-
diately replaced.
Upon its arrival at the laboratory, the interior of the boiler was
inspected and was found to be free from all scale except a very thin
coating. The laboratory water itself is not only nearly free from
scale-forming materials but it tends frequently to soften hard scale
deposited by other water; and a final interior inspection revealed the
fact that this softening had occurred in this instance, and that the
original scale had been considerably disintegrated. There was nothing,
however, in the change in the scale to indicate that the heat transfer
through the surfaces had, in any significant degree, varied on account
of scale during the progress of the tests. The facts that the boiler had
run only 3400 miles before arriving at the laboratory and that its
mileage during the tests was only 3600, are perhaps in themselves suffi-
cient evidence that there could have been no accumulation of scale nor
change in its thickness sufficient materially to affect the test results.
V. THE LABORATORY
The locomotive laboratory is fully described in Bulletin 82 of the
Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois ; descrip-
tions have been published also in the Proceeding^ of the American
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 29
Railway Master Mechanics' Association, Vol. 46, 1913, and in the
Proceedings of the Western Railway Club for March, 1913. It is
unneccessary, therefore, to include here any detailed statement con-
cerning its design. Since, however, the amount of the cinder losses in
this series of tests serves in large measure to account for the differences
in performance of the various grades of coal, these losses have an
especial significance; and it seems appropriate therefore to describe
briefly the cinder separator by means of which they were determined.
All gases and exhaust steam are discharged across an open space
above the locomotive stack into the mouth of a large steel elbow
which carries them up and over to a horizontal duct running through
the roof trusses to the rear of the building, terminating at an exhaust
fan. This elbow and duct are illustrated in Fig. 13. The gases and
steam are drawn through the duct by the fan and they are then
passed through a breeching to the cinder separator itself which is
located outside the building and forms the base of a stack through
which the gases are finally discharged to the air. The separator and
stack are shown in section in Fig. 14.
The cinder-laden gases enter the separator at B and, in order to
leave, they must pass downward and around the sleeve A. This
passage gives them a whirling motion, which causes the cinders by
centrifugal force to move toward the outside wall along which they
fall to the hopper below, while the gases pass out through the sleeve to
the stack. The cinders collecting at the bottom of the hopper are
drawn off, weighed, and analysed. This separator collects all solid
matter which issues from the locomotive stack, except possibly the
finest dust. The cinders taken from the separator during tests with
mine-run coal have contained from 10 to 18 per cent of material which
passed a screen with 200 meshes to the inch.
VI. FIRING METHODS
It is desired to present at this point only such information concern-
ing the methods used in the laboratory as relates to the measurements
of coal and to the firing. Information about methods relating to
other test processes is given in Appendix II.
10. Coal Measurements. — Before starting the test, the engine
was run at the desired load and speed long enough beforehand to
permit the rate of feed through the injectors to be adjusted to the
test conditions, and it was generally unnecessary to change this rate
FIG. 14. CROSS SECTION OF THE CINDER COLLECTOR AND STACK.
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 31
during the progress of the test. The tests were not started until the
desired conditions of load, speed, ooiler pressure, and a proper con-
dition of the fire had been established. The coal was weighed in one-
thousand pound lots before being delivered to the firing platform.
Throughout each medium rate test, the time of firing the last scoopful
of each ton was recorded, together with the levels of the water in
the main feed tank and in the boiler gauge glass. During the high
rate tests, these facts were recorded at the time of firing the last
scoopful of each two tons of coal. This procedure made it possible
to control the regularity of the firing process and it also makes avail-
able facts which may be used to illustrate the regularity of feed of
both the coal and the water. For this purpose tests 2405 and 2416,
fairly characteristic of the series, have been chosen. During test
2416, run at a medium rate of evaporation, the time required to fire
each of the ten successive lots of 2000 pounds, varied only from 34 to
36 minutes ; and the amount of water fed per minute during these
ten intervals varied only from 390 to 413 pounds. During test 2405,
which was run at a high rate of evaporation, the times required to
burn each of the five successive lots of 4000 pounds of coal were
respectively 36, 33, 31, 32 and 31 minutes; and the water fed per
minute during these intervals varied only from 693 pounds to 709
pounds.
11. Firing Methods. — The locomotive was fired throughout all
tests by Mr. C. Welker, a skilled fireman, who was detailed by the
Illinois Central Railroad .from its regular force. Previous to the
tests he had had about seven and one-half years' experience firing in
service, and he had also had about a half year's experience as fireman
in the laboratory. The supervision of the fireman, the control of the
injectors, and other, cab operations were, during all except the last
three tests, in charge of Mr. L. R. Pyle, Fuel Supervisor of the Min-
neapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad, and member of the
Fuel Test Committee. During the last three tests Mr. Pyle's place
was taken by Mr. B. F. Crolley, Supervisor of Locomotive Operation
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. During the tests of the two sizes
of screenings, which were fired ~by the stoker, the firing was super-
vised by Mr. E. Prouty, Mechanical Expert of the Locomotive Stoker
Company.
All hand-fired tests were fired by the l i three-scoop system, ' ' that is,
three scoopfuls of coal were fired at a time, both during the medium
and the high rate tests, although during the latter it was necessary
32
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
to cut down the interval between firings. The fireman was instructed
to keep these intervals as regular as possible and in this he was aided
from time to time by stop watch observations. The degree of regu-
larity attained is evidenced by the figures concerning the rate of coal
consumption which have already been cited, and by the graphical logs
shown in Appendix III. During the stoker-fired tests, the same regu-
larity of feed was sought and attained. No coal was fed by hand
during any of these tests, and an inspection of the fire at the end of
the test showed in each case a uniform layer with no holes and no
banks.
The thickness of the fire was kept as nearly uniform as was prac-
ticable, and the grates were shaken as little as possible. The Lump
coal proved the most difficult to fire, especially at the high rate of com-
bustion; and in one high rate test with this grade the grates had
to be shaken six times. This was unusual, however, and during the
entire series the grates were shaken, on the average, only twice during
each run. The approximate thicknesses of the fire carried are shown
in Table 5.
TABLE 5
APPROXIMATE THICKNESSES OF FIRE CARRIED
Approximate Fire Thickness — Inches
SIZE OF COAL
Rate
At the Beginning
Maximum
At the End
3
g
2' x 3* Nut
High
6
5
12
g
12
8
3' x 6* Egg
High
Medium
7
7
12
11
12
10
2* Lump
High
Medium
9
7
12
12
10
12
2* Screenings
.High
Medium
9
4
13
9
12
7
1 J£* Screenings
Medium
6
4
12
8
10
7
High
5
10
9
VII. TEST CONDITIONS
Owing to the fact that only two sets of conditions as to speed and
cut-off were employed throughout the tests, other conditions such as
drafts, temperatures, and pressures were also in general quite uni-
form for all tests at a given rate. The degree of uniformity shown
is in a large measure indicative of desirable test conditions and is
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 33
therefore in some degree significant of the reliance which may be
placed upon the determination of those variables, such as evaporative
performance, which constituted the main purpose of the tests.
Fig. 15 and the discussion of the present section are intended to
present the more important test conditions and the variation of these
conditions as between different tests and different groups of tests, and
as between the medium and high rate tests. Figs. 29 and 30 in
Appendix III present graphical logs for tests 2416 and 2405, one
a medium and the other a high rate test, during each of which approx-
imately ten tons of coal were burned. These graphical logs are repre-
sentative of the degree of uniformity in test conditions which existed
throughout individual tests.
Fig. 15 presents in graphical form averages of test conditions for
all grades of coal for both medium and high rate tests. The graphs
have been so arranged as to show the variation in conditions for dif-
ferent grades of coal at a given rate, and also to show difference in
conditions between medium and high rate tests.
12. Drafts. — The two upper graphs of Fig. 15 present averages
for front-end and firebox draft. The extremes of front-end draft for
the medium rate tests were 2.8 and 3.8 inches of water; the average
for all medium rate tests was 3.4 inches of water. The extremes of
front-end draft for the high rate tests were 8.4 and 10.1 inches of
water and the average for all high rate tests was 9.3 inches of water.
The averages for the different grades of coal vary but little from the
common average for all of the tests at the corresponding rate. The
mean firebox draft for all medium rate tests was 1.6 inches of water
and for all high rate tests, 4.2 inches. The averages for the individual
tests and for the various grades of coal do not vary greatly from these
mean values. The high rate mine run tests show the greatest vari-
ation in front-end draft. The high rate Screening tests show a some-
what lower average firebox draft than is shown for the other grades,
due probably to the fact that although the rate of combustion was rela-
tively high, the fires were comparatively thin and open.
The data relative to drafts show uniformity of conditions between
the tests of a group as well as between the different groups at a given
rate of performance. In general the drafts were comparatively low
in relation to rate of combustion, indicating satisfactory arrangement
of the draft appliances.
34 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
13. Temperatures. — Front-end temperatures are shown to have
been uniform for the medium and for the high rate tests, both by
the graphs of Fig. 15 and by the tabulated values. The average fire-
box temperatures also are shown to have been fairly uniform for the
high rate tests and slightly less so for the medium rate tests. The
minimum, maximum, and average values of firebox temperature for all
medium rate tests were respectively 1735, 2090, and 1893 degrees F. ;
and the corresponding values for the high rate tests were 2078, 2334,
and 2228 degrees F.
14. Superheat and Branch-pipe Pressure. — The variations in,
and the values for, averages of degrees of superheat and pressure in
branch-pipe are shown graphically in Fig. 15. The minimum, maxi-
mum, and average values of degrees of superheat for all medium rate
tests were respectively 187, 211, and 198 degrees ; and the correspond-
ing values for the high rate tests were 207, 265, and 243 degrees. Con-
siderable lack of uniformity is shown by the results, particularly in
view of the general uniformity which existed in other test conditions.
The branch-pipe pressure for all medium rate tests averaged 179
pounds per square inch, which was 10 pounds lower than the average
boiler pressure for the same tests. For the high rate tests the branch-
pipe pressure averaged 166 pounds per square inch — 22 pounds lower
than the corresponding average boiler pressure.
15. Rate of Combustion and Rate of Evaporation. — The two lower
graphs of Fig. 15 show the average rate of combustion and the average
rate of evaporation for the different sizes of coal. Rate of combustion
is shown in pounds of coal fired per square foot of grate per hour;
and rate of evaporation, in pounds of equivalent evaporation per
square foot of heating surface per hour. For the medium rate tests
the minimum, maximum, and average values for rate of combustion
were, respectively, 45.1, 61.9, and 51.7 pounds of coal per square foot
of grate per hour; while for the high rate tests the corresponding
values were 99.1, 133.7, and 109.6 pounds. Since the rate of evapora-
tion per square foot of heating surface per hour was maintained
approximately constant for all tests at a given rate and since the heat-
ing value of all sizes of the coal was about the same, it follows that
the various rates of combustion should indicate closely the relative
efficiencies with which the coal was burned; and they may be used
as rough measures of the relative values of the different grades.
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
35
_
0
c
i
1
1
?
8
J
k
•
j
4 • • • •
I
n
p
J
^
1 ^
1 I 1 1
o 1
i
• J
J
S
f ^
I B| El Bl 31 11 Ql
FRONT END DRAFT
FREBOX DRAFT
000
2000
5
600 MEDIUM RATE^
600 J
j
E
^
|
/
1
2oo HIGH RATEB
200 ^
^
',
5
!
1
M.
800 ^
\
j
j
^
oo n|
1^1 P| fll nl
.00 i
|
|
1
II
II II II 1
^
;
j
|
FRONT END TEMPERATURE
F REBOX TEMPERATURE
24O
200
IM
200
I
1
s
2
0
3
60 '
i
:
j
120 J
',
Ii
80 J
80 ^
^
\
i
J
|
40 ?
1
1
\
i
0 ^
j
\
i
DEGREES OF SUPERHEAT
PRESSURE IN BRANCH PIPE GUAGE
«
100
80
8
60
7
^
n
7
p
40 n
n
™
R
B
4 /
^
\
2o p
1
!
1
2 ',
Ll
1
^
1
^
0 ^
{
^
RATE OF COMBUSTION
i '* * 1 I j
| 3 5 3 «l -g
R TE O EVAPORATION
(A V)
3 5 Si i ?
3 Z LJ t Z Z
cc • O- fl
Z J>i w N in </)
FIG. 15. VARIOUS TEST CONDITIONS, FOR BOTH THE MEDIUM AND
HIGH KATE TESTS
36 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
VIII. THE RESULTS OF THE TESTS
All the data and the results of the tests are set forth in detail in the
tables of Appendix III ; but for convenience of reference certain data
defining the test conditions and some of the results relating to evapo-
rative performance, cinder loss, and heat distribution have been assem-
bled here and are presented in Table 6. In this table the data are
divided into twelve groups; two groups for each size of coal tested.
For each size the first group pertains to the medium rate tests; the
second, to the high rate tests. Averages for each group appear imme-
diately below the data for the individual tests. In Table 6 the column
headings and the code item numbers are identical with those in the
tables of Appendix III.
16. Actual Evaporation per Pound of Coal. — The number of
pounds of superheated steam produced for each pound of coal in the
condition in which it was fired appears in Column 33 of Table 6 ; and
the number of pounds of steam produced by each pound of dry coal
is given in Column 34. The averages of these values for each size
of coal are brought together in Table 7, where they appear separately
for the medium rate and the high rate tests. Inspection of Table 7
reveals the fact that the relative standing of the various sizes differs
when based on coal as fired and when based upon dry coal ; and that
it differs also between the medium and the high rate tests. Comparisons
between the sizes, however, should not be made on the basis of the
values of evaporation shown in Table 7 ; because not only is the mois-
ture content of the coal as fired variable; but during the tests there
were slight variations in feed water temperature, in boiler pressure,
and in the degree of superheat, which make it impracticable to com-
pare values of actual evaporation in order to determine the relative
standing of the coals. Further discussion of Table 7 is omitted for
these reasons; the table is presented principally to exhibit the dif-
ferences between evaporation based on coal as fired and evaporation
based on dry coal.
17. Equivalent Evaporation per Pound of Dry Coal. — Because of
the incidental variations just cited it became necessary to find another
basis of comparison. Since the different sizes as they are loaded at
the mine contain inherently different amounts of moisture, there would
be some justice in trying to base comparisons on coal as loaded at the
mine. The significance of this basis is, however, impaired by the fact
that the various sizes are seldom or never fired in the same condition
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
37
TABLE 6
TEST CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 | 9
10 | 11
12
SIZE
Rate
Test
Number
Dur-
ation
of
Test
in
Hours
Speed
in
Miles
Hour
Cut-
off,
Per
Cent
of
Stroke
Draw-
bar
Pull,
Ib.
Pressure
Ib. per sq. in.
Temperatures
Degrees F.
Boiler
Gauge
Branch
Pipe
Gauge
Front-
end
Branch
Pipe
Fire-
Box
Mine Run
Code~«-
Item^
345
353
499
487
380
383
367
370
374
Medium
High
2400
2401
2402
Average
2405
2406
2429
Average
3.62
6.28
5.20
5.03
2.72
2.68
1.92
2.44
18.9
18.9
19.0
18.9
25.5
25.6
25.7
25.6
34!6
33.0
33.5
54.3
53.7
55.9
54.6
21970
21727
21822
21840
28771
28718
28672
28720
190.4
190.0
190.2
190.2
187.8
187.8
189.4
188.3
179
172
174
175
168
167
164
166
535
535
539
536
627
631
624
627
573
566
564
568
628
631
618
626
1735
1835
1812
1794
2271
2334
2140
2248
2'x3" Nut
Medium
High
2408
2409
2410
2426
Average
2412
2413
2414
Average
3.77
2.33
4.33
4.50
3.73
2.67
3.00
2.00
2.56
19.0
18.9
19.0
18.9
19.0
25.8
25.7
25.7
25.7
33.0
32.4
31.5
31.7
32.2
55!7
59.3
57.6
22490
22411
22417
22640
22490
28958
29100
29128
29062
189.0
188.5
186.2
189.9
188.4
187.1
187.1
187.5
187.2
178
177
181
182
180
168
168
168
168
595
588
570
555
577
607
611
631
616
589
582
569
572
578
629
632
634
632
2090
2034
2008
1967
1025
2293
2267
2174
2245
3*x6" Egg
Medium
High
2415
2416
2423
Average
2420
2422
2424
Average
3.50
5.83
4.00
4.44
2.00
2.17
1.98
2.05
18.9
18.9
18.8
18.9
25.7
25.9
25.8
25.8
32.4
33.3
32.2
32.6
57.2
58.2
56.6
57.3
22840
23115
22533
22829
29046
29030
29104
29060
189.9
189.5
190.0
189.8
190.1
189.7
190.1
190.0
180
180
182
181
171
170
170
170
543
540
539
541
588
634
626
616
576
574
571
574
610
590
617
606
1808
1801
i805
2210
2278
2183
2224
2" Lump
Medium
High
2417
2418
2419
Average
2425
2427
2428
2442
Average
4.00
5.83
3.67
4.50
1.00
1.50
1.83
2.00
1.58
18.9
19.0
19.0
19.0
25.7
25.8
25.9
25.5
25.7
36.3
33.5
32.7
34.2
56.0
55.7
55.1
56.5
55.8
23026
23085
22983
23031
28530
27909
28441
29266
28537
189.9
190.1
190.0
190.0
190.0
183.4
186.8
188.9
187.3
180
180
•180
180
168
162
166
166
166
546
545
553
548
618
625
635
637
629
578
578
578
578
595
578
603
616
598
1838
1857
1849
1848
2178
2308
2277
2192
2239
2* Screen-
ings
Medium
High
2430
2434
2435
Average
2436
2437
Average
2.62
3.13
0.97
2.24
.35
.50
.43
19.0
18.7
19.0
18.9
25.5
25.7
25.6
32.6
33.6
34.9
33.7
56.8
56.9
56.9
22906
23091
23268
23088
27976
28938
28457
188.6
190.0
191.1
189.9
185.3
189.1
187.2
181
181
182
181
161
162
162
549
541
549
546
631
634
633
583
584
578
582
634
637
636
2010
1817
1936
1921
2078
2194
2136
1J' Screen-
ings
Medium
High
2431
2432
2433
Average
2440
2441
Average
.77
.87
3.10
2.25
1.50
1.50
1.50
19.0
19.0
18.9
19.0
25.5
25.6
25.6
33.9
34.0
33.2
33.7
58.2
55.6
56.9
22332
22912
22588
22611
29061
29392
29227
184.5
189.1
187.7
187.1
186.6
191.0
188.8
178
181
180
180
163
166
165
551
544
543
546
634
639
637
589
591
572
584
604
629
617
2003
1798
1874
1892
2273
2234
2254
38
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 6 (Continued)
TEST CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS
1
2
3
13
14
15
16
17
18 | 19 | 20
21
SIZE
Rate
Test
Number
Draft, in. of Water
De-
*T
Sup-
er-
heat
Coal as Fired, Ib.
Dry Coal, Ib.
Front-
end
Front
of
Dia-
phragm
Fire-
box
Ash-
pan
Total
Per
Hour
Per
Hour
«
Grate
Surface
Per
Hour
Per
Hour
¥ls3t
Grate
Surface
Code~«-
Item^
394
396
397
409
418
626
627
Mine Run
Medium
High
2400
2401
2402
Average
240o
2406
2429
Average
2.8
2.8
3.0
2.9
8.4
8.6
10.1
9.0
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.4
.2
.3
.5
.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
194
190
187
190
254
257
246
252
11399
20000
17IHH)
16133
20000
18630
14000
17543
3151
3183
3269
3201
7361
6944
7303
7203
45.1
45.6
46.8
45.8
105.5
99.5
104.6
103.2
2895
2934
3005
2945
6753
6377
6690
6607
41.5
42.0
43.1
42 2
96.8
91.4
95.9
94.7
2*r3'Nut
Medium
High
2408
2409
2410
2426
Average
2412
2413
2414
Average
3.0
2.9
2.9
3.6
3.1
9.2
9.2
9.3
9 2
.4
.3
.4
.8
.5
.6
.4
.5
5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
210
204
189
192
199
255
258
260
258
12955
7808
14731
16310
12951
18683
•JOMl
13XS4
17793
3439
3347
3400
3624
3453
7005
6937
6942
6961
49.3
48.0
48.7
51.9
49.5
100.4
99.4
99.5
99.8
3146
3054
3102
3348
3163
6382
6313
6324
6340
45.1
43.8
44.4
48.0
45.3
91.4
90.4
90.6
90 8
3'x 6' Egg
Medium
High
2415
2416
2423
Average
2420
2422
2424
Average
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.5
9.5
9.2
9.3
9.3
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.6
4.3
4.0
4.1
4.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
197
195
191
194
235
215
242
231
11888
19915
13520
15108
13882
14996
14000
14293
3397
3414
3380
3397
6941
6920
7060
6974
48.7
48.9
48.4
48 7
99.4
99.1
101.2
99 9
3107
3101
3079
3096
6333
6315
6438
6362
44.5
44.4
44.1
44 3
90.7
90.5
92.2
91.1
2* Lump
Medium
High
2417
2418
2419
Average
2425
2427
2428
2442
Average
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
9.3
9.3
9.4
10.0
9.5
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.6
4.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.4
1 '.«'.»
199
199
199
221
207
230
243
225
13753
20537
13344
15878
7499
11775
14122
15279
12169
3438
3521
3639
3533
7499
7850
7704
7640
7673
49.3
50.5
52.1
50 6
107.4
112.5
110.4
109.5
110.0
3118
3173
3289
3193
6850
7133
6992
6951
6982
44.7
45.5
47.1
45 8
98.1
102.2
100.2
99.6
100.0
2' Screen-
ings
Medium
High
2430
2434
2435
Average
2436
2437
Average
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.7
9.4
9.2
9.3
1.9
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.4
203
204
198
202
263
265
264
10000
11950
3822
8591
11556
13254
12405
3821
3814
3952
3862
8560
8836
8698
54.7
54.6
56.6
55.3
122.6
126.6
124.6
3400
3455
3597
3504
7771
8027
7899
49.6
49.5
51.5
50 2
111.3
115.0
113.2
2.1
2.0
3.7
3.8
3.8
If Screen-
ings
Medium
High
2431
2432
2433
Average
2440
2441
Average
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.6
9.5
9.4
9.5
1.9
1.1
1.3
1.4
4.0
3.7
3.9
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
210
211
193
205
232
256
244
7635
7813
13218
9555
14000
13750
13875
4321
4185
4264
4257
9333
9167
9250
61.9
60.0
61.1
61.0
133.7
131.3
132.5
3960
3818
3899
3892
8487
8183
8335
56.7
54.7
55.9
55.8
121.6
117.2
119.4
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
39
TABLE 6 (Continued)
TEST CONDITIONS ANti PRINCIPAL RESULTS
1
2
3
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
B.t.i
Ib.
i. per
of
Cinde
r Loss
SIZE
Rate
Test
Number
Dry-
Coal
Stack
Cin-
ders
Per
Hour,
Ib.
Per
Cent
of
Coal
as
Fired
Per
Cent
of
Dry
Coal
Per
Cent
of
B.t.u.
in
Coal
Fired
Indi-
cated
Horse-
Power
Draw-
bar
Horse-
Power
Super-
heated
Steam
per
I.H.P.
Hour,
Ib.
Code—.
458
462
427
888
711
743
740
Item
Mine Run
Medium
High
2400
2401
2402
Average
2405
2406
2429
Average
12983
13012
12929
12975
12811
12933
12888
12877
8399
8563
8570
8511
11081
11030
10921
11011
99
94
102
98
709
588
651
649
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.1
9.6
8.5
8.9
9.0
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.3
10.5
9.2
9.7
9.8
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
9.1
7.9
8.2
8.4
'i224!5
1223.6
1224.1
2157.7
2151.5
2191.0
2166.7
1108.6
1095.2
1104.6
1102.8
1954.4
1963 . 8
1965.2
1961.1
'is .'is
18.74
18.46
19.63
19.40
19.65
19 . 56
2"x 3' Nut
Medium
High
2408
2409
2410
2426
Average
2412
2413
2414
Average
13118
13102
13023
12983
13057
13081
13176
13090
13116
8023
7585
8231
8458
8074
10728
10822
10634
10728
63
72
72
107
79
413
397
390
400
1.8
2.2
2.1
3.0
2.3
5.9
5.7
5.6
5.7
2.0
2.4
2.3
3.2
2.5
6.5
6.3
6.2
6.3
1.2
1.4
1.5
2.1
1.6
5.3
5.2
5.0
5.2
1293.6
1286.5
1280.9
1313.7
1293.7
'220CK3
2221.8
2211.1
1138.4
1129.7
1133.5
1139.9
1135.4
1988.7
1993.0
1994.9
1992.2
17.93
17.98
17.93
18.72
18.14
'l9!34
19.00
19.17
3'x 6" Egg
Medium
High
2415
2416
2423
Average
2420
2422
2424
Average
13273
13122
13282
13226
13198
13345
13214
13252
7987
7999
8329
8105
10771
11234
10584
10863
78
76
70
75
500
468
538
502
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.2
7.2
6.8
7.6
7.2
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.4
7.9
7.4
8.4
7.9
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
6.5
6.2
6.7
6.5
1313.7
1324.3
1291.1
1309.7
2188.7
2214.3
2220.0
2207.7
1150.1
1167.6
1131.0
1149.6
1991.6
2001.4
2003.4
1998.8
18.01
17.86
18.41
18.09
19.83
19.40
19.63
19.62
2" Lump
Medium
High
2417
2418
2419
Average
2425
2427
2428
2442
Average
13043
13086
12836
12988
13205
12958
13061
12974
13050
7713
7574
7106
7464
10917
10849
10829
10415
10753
71
68
85
75
545
602
523
595
566
2.1
1.9
2.3
2.1
7.3
7.7
6.8
7.8
7.4
2.3
2.1
2.6
2.3
8.0
8.4
7.5
8.6
8.4
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.3
6.6
7.1
6.2
6.9
6.7
1323.2
1329.6
1321.0
1324.6
2201.4
2169.7
2200.5
2198.5
2192.5
1160.7
1168.6
1162.2
1163.8
1957.8
1919.6
1963.8
1989 . 6
1957.7
17.92
17.73
18.31
17.99
19.61
19.68
19.95
20.24
19.87
2" Screen-
ings
Medium
High
2430
2434
2435
Average
2436
2437
Average
12748
12782
12710
12747
12769
12625
12697
9407
9569
9113
9363
10611
11018
10815
315
338
372
342
1127
1316
1222
8.3
8.9
9.4
8.9
13.2
14.9
14.1
9.1
9.8
10.4
9.8
14.5
16.4
15.5
6.7
7.3
7.4
7.1
12.1
14.3
13.2
1304.9
1314.5
1365.2
1328.2
2126.3
2243.5
2184.9
1160.7
1152.2
1179.1
1164.0
1905.6
1980.4
1943.0
18.02
18.00
18.25
18.09
19.86
19.33
19.60
1J" Screen-
ings
Medium
High
2431
2432
2433
Average
2440
2441
Average
12929
12650
12793
12791
12692
12492
12592
10505
10157
10784
10482
10870
11203
11037
579
551
461
530
1513
1457
1485
13.4
13.2
10.8
12.5
16.2
15.9
16.1
14.6
14.4
11.8
13.6
17.8
17.8
17.8
11.9
11.6
10.0
11.2
15.3
16.0
15.7
1329.9
1343.1
1310.2
1327.7
2215.6
2231.6
2223 6
1133.4
1161.6
1141.0
1145.3
1977.2
2006.7
1992.0
18.32
18.22
18.71
18.42
19.29
19.48
19.39
40
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 6 (Concluded)
TEST CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS
1
2
3
31
32
33 | 34
35 36
37
38
39
Superheated Steam, Ib.
Equivalent Evap-
oration, Ib.
B.t.u.
A K
Per
Per
AD-
orbed
* .
Joiler
SIZE
Rate
Test
lumber
Per
Hour
q.Ft.
of
Heat-
ing
Sur-
face
3our
Per
Pound
of
Coal
as
Fired
Per
Pound
of
Per
Hour
Sq. Ft.
Heat-
ing
Sur-
face
Hour
Per
Pound
of
Dry
Coal
by
Boiler
Per
Pound
of
Dry
Coal
Effi-
iency
Per
Cent
tem*^"
645
648
658
666
2400
22566
4.84
7.16
7.79
29764
6.39
10.28
9989
76.89
Medium
2401
L'l^L'S
4.79
7.01
7.61
29451
6.32
10.04
9756
74.95
2402
22970
4.93
7.02
7.64
30183
6.48
10.04
9756
75.46
Average
22621
4.85
7.06
7.68
29799
6.40
10.12
9834
76.77
Mine Run
2405
42176
9.05
5.73
6.24
57022
12.24
8.44
8201
64.08
High
2406
41946
9.00
6.04
6.58
56795
12.19
8.91
8658
66.93
2429
42854
9.20
5.87
6.41
57767
12.40
8.64
8395
65.10
Average
42325
9.08
6.88
6.41
57195
12 28
8 66
8418
65 37
2408
23327
5.00
6.78
7.42
31048
6.66
9.87
9591
73.11
Medium
2409
J.TJ.Vt
4.99
6.95
7.61
30881
6.63
10.11
9824
75.02
2410
4.95
6.78
7.43
80461
6.54
9.82
9542
73.05
2426
•Msil.x
5.33
6.85
7.41
32796
7.04
9.80
9523
73 . 33
Average
23612
5.07
6.84
7.47
31297
6.72
9.90
9620
73 63
2'x3'Nut
2412
42964
9.22
6.13
6.73
58130
12.47
9.11
8852
67.67
High
2413
42720
9.17
6.16
6.77
.-,7"L".»
12.43
9.18
8920
67.67
2414
42209
9.06
6.08
6.67
57236
12.28
9.05
8794
67.15
Average
42631
9.15
6.12
6.72
57765
12.39
9 11
8855
67.50
2415
:.':>'.» 1 1
5.14
7.05
7.71
31678
6.80
10.20
9911
74.66
Medium
2416
23788
5.11
6.97
7.67
81448
6.75
10.14
9853
75.09
2423
23970
5.14
7.09
7.78
31665
6.79
10.28
9989
75.25
Average
23901
5.13
7.04
7.72
31597
6.78
10.21
9918
75.00
3'x 6' Egg
2420
43219
9.28
6.22
6.82
58043
12.46
9.16
8901
67.46-
High
2422
4L'SM
9.20
6.20
6.79
12.27
9.05
8794
65.92
2424
43302
9.29
6.13
6.73
58328
12.52
9.06
8804
66.61
Average
43134
9.26
6.18
6.78
57844
12.42
9.09
8833
66.66
2417
23906
5.13
6.96
7.67
31652
6.79
10.15
9863
75.68
Medium
2418
LM77s
5.10
6.75
7.49
31458
6.75
9.91
9630
73.57
2419
L'4;')4()
5.23
6.69
7.40
:iJ-"_'7
6.92
9.80
9523
74.21
Average
24008
6.15
6.80
7.52
31779
6.82
9.95
9672
74.49
2" Lump
2425
42889
9.21
5.72
6.26
57214
12.28
8.35
8114
61.47
High
2427
42254
9.07
5.38
5.92
56071
12.03
7.86
7638
58.92
2428
44136
9.47
5.73
6.31
58403
12.53
8.35
8114
62.14
2442
44910
9.64
5.88
6.46
60589
12.99
8.71
8464
65. 1»
Average
43547
9.35
5.68
6 24
58057
12.46
8.32
8083
61.93
2430
24122
5.18
6.31
6.97
32010
6.87
9.25
8988
70. 5a
Medium
2434
24014
5.15
6.30
6.95
31914
6.85
9.24
70.24
2435
25147
5.40
6.36
6.99
33270
7.14
9.25
8988
70.75
2' Screen-
Average
24427
5.24
6.32
6.97
32398
6.95
9.25
8985
70.51
ings
2436
42287
9.07
4.94
5.45
57468
12.33
7.40
7191
56.25
High
2437
43981
9.44
4.98
5.48
59814
12.84
7.45
7239
57.35
Average
43134
9.26
4.96
5.47
58641
12 59
7.43
7215
56.80
2431
24907
5.34
5.76
6.29
33102
7.10
8.36
8123
62.81
Medium
2432
24714
5.30
5.90
6.47
32870
7.05
8.61
8366
66.08
2433
24933
5.35
5.85
6.39
32961
7.07
8.45
8211
64.21
11' Screen
Average
24851
5.33
5.84
6.38
32978
7.07
8.47
8233
64 37
ings
2440
43186
9.27
4.63
5.09
57956
12.44
6.83
6637
52.28
High
2441
43941
9.43
4.80
5.37
59540
12.78
7.28
7074
56.64
Averag
43564
9 35
4.72
5.23
58748
12.61
7.06
6856
54.46
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
41
(as regards moisture) in which they were loaded, nor were they in
the same condition in this instance; and furthermore the necessary
mine samples were available for only three of the six sizes tested.
Final comparisons were consequently drawn only on the usual basis
of dry coal. The use of the customary ' ' equivalent evaporation from
and at 212 degrees" eliminates the effect of the remaining variations
in test conditions; and the final comparison of the grades was there-
fore made by the use of the values of this equivalent evaporation per
pound of dry coal.
TABLE 7
THE ACTUAL EVAPORATION PER POUND OF COAL AS FIRED AND ALSO
PER POUND OF DRY COAL
SIZE OF COAL
Actual Evaporation per Ib. of Coal
as Fired— Ib.
Actual Evaporation per Ib. of Dry
Coal— Ib.
At the Medium
Rate of
Evaporation
At the High
Rate of
Evaporation
At the Medium
Rate of
Evaporation
At the High
Rate of
Evaporation
1
2
3
4
5
Mine Run
7.06
6.84
7.04
6.80
6.32
5.84
5.88
6.12
6.18
5.68
4.96
4.72
7.68
7.47
7.72
7.52
6.97
6.38
6.41
6.72
6.78
6.24
5.47
5.23
2"x3" Nut
3" x 6" Egg
2" Lump
2" Screenings
1 M " Screenings
These values of equivalent evaporation per pound of dry coal are
given for each test in Column 37 of Table 6. Inspection of these figures
discloses great uniformity among the values applying to each size and
each rate. Only in the case of the high rate tests with the 2-inch
lump coal is there any considerable variation between the equivalent
evaporation values for the individual tests; and even in this group
the maximum variation from the average is only 5~y2 per cent. In
view of this uniformity we are entirely warranted in using the average
values for the various groups and in basing conclusions upon them.
These averages of equivalent evaporation per pound of dry coal are
therefore assembled in Table 8 together with the averages of the rate
of evaporation per square foot of heating surface per hour taken from
Column 36 of Table 6. Table 8 embodies consequently the final direct
results of the tests.
In Table 8 the coals are arranged in the order of the evaporation at
the medium rate as given there in Column 2. The egg coal heads the
list with an equivalent evaporation of 10.21 pounds per pound of dry
42
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 8
THE EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION PER POUND OF DRY COAL FOR BOTH
THE MEDIUM AND THE HIGH RATE TESTS
SIZE OF COAL
For the Medium Rate Tests
For the High Rate Tests
Equivalent
Evaporation
per Ib. of
Dry Coal
Ib.
Equivalent
Evaporation
per Hour per
sq. ft. of
Heating Surface
Ib.
Equivalent
Evaporation
per Ib. of
Dry Coal
Ib.
Equivalent
Evaporation
per Hour per
sq. ft. of
Heating Surface
Ib.
1
2
3
4
5
3* x 6* Egg
10.21
10.12
9.95
9.90
9.25
8.47
6.78
6.40
6.82
6.72
6.95
7.07
9.09
8.66
8.32
9.11
7.43
7.06
12.42
12.28
12.46
12.39
12.59
12.61
Mine Run
2* Lump
2"x3* Nut
2" Screenings
1J£' Screenings
coal followed by the other grades in the order in which they appear in
the table. For the high rate tests the nut coal gave the best perfor-
mance, namely an equivalent evaporation of 9.11 pounds per pound
of dry coal, while the other sizes stand in the order in which they
are cited in the table. These relations stand out more clearly in Fig 16
which has been prepared by plotting values of equivalent evaporation
and rate of evaporation given in Table 8. In Fig. 16 the vertical dis-
tances represent equivalent evaporation per pound of dry coal, where-
as the horizontal distances represent the pounds of equivalent evapo-
ration per hour on each square foot of heating surface. For the
3-inch by 6-inch egg coal these quantities are, for the medium rate
tests 10.21 pounds and 6.78 pounds, respectively; and for the high
rate tests 9.09 pounds and 12.42 pounds, respectively (see Table 8).
These pairs of values are plotted in Fig. 16 where they appear as the
two points which define the line marked 3-inch by 6-inch Egg. These
points are connected by a straight line, which implies the assumption
that the equivalent evaporation varies regularly and directly with the
rate of evaporation. While there are, in this series, no tests at inter-
mediate rates to support this assumption, it is amply warranted by
the results of numerous other locomotive boiler tests. The other lines
in Fig. 16 are similarly plotted from values given in Table 8, and
they define the performance of the other five sizes.
Inspection of Fig. 16 reveals, as usual, for all grades a sharp de-
crease in evaporation as the rate of evaporation increases. The rate
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
43
of this decrease is nearly alike for all sizes except the 2-inch by
3-inch nut for which it is roughly one-half of that for the other sizes.
This change in evaporation with rate of evaporation makes it necessary
to reduce the values of evaporation to a common rate -before drawing
final comparisons between the various grades. To effect this reduction
the rates of evaporation for all the medium rate tests shown in Col-
umn 3 of Table 8 have been averaged and this average — 6.79 pounds
per square foot of heating surface per hour — has been represented
EQUIV. EVAP. PER SQ. FT. HEATING SURFACE PER HR.-LB.
FIG. 16. THE KELATION BETWEEN EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION PER POUND OF DRY
COAL AND THE RATE OF EVAPORATION, FOR EACH SIZE OF COAL TESTED
by the vertical line AA in Fig. 16. Similarly the average high rate—
12.46 pounds per square foot of heating surface per hour — is found
from Column 5 of Table 8 and is defined by the line BB in this
figure. If now in Fig. 16 we measure off the vertical distances on A A
at the points where this line is intersected by the performance lines
for the various sizes, we obtain six values of equivalent evaporation
44
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
per pound of dry coal, one for each size, and all pertaining to
the common medium rate of evaporation defined by the line AA,
namely, 6.79 pounds per square foot of heating surface per hour.
These values are shown in Column 2 of Table 9 and since they pertain
to the same rate of evaporation they are rigidly comparable. In like
manner the evaporation values defined by the intersections with the
line BB are given in Column 4 of Table 9, and pertain to the com-
mon high rate — 12.46 pounds per square foot of heating surface per
hour.
TABLE 9
THE RELATIVE STANDING OP THE VARIOUS SIZES, BASED ON CORRECTED VALUES
OF THE EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION PER POUND OF DRY COAL
(This table gives the values of equivalent evaporation per pound of dry coal, corrected for a
common medium rate of evaporation of 6.79 pounds per square foot of heating surface
\ per hour, and for a common high rate of evaporation of 12.46
pounds per square foot of heating surface per hour)
GRADE OF COAL
For the Common Medium Rate of
Evaporation — 6 . 79 Ib. per sq. ft. of
Heating Surface per Hour
For the Common High Rate of
Evaporation — 12.46 Ib. per sq. ft. of
Heating Surface per Hour
Equivalent
Evaporation
per Ib. of
Dry Coal
Ib.
Relative Values,
Based on
Mine Run
Equivalent
Evaporation
Er Ib. of
•y Coal
Ib.
Relative Values,
Based on
Mine Run
1
2
3
4
5
3'x6* Egg
10.21
10.02
9.96
9.89
9.30
8.54
1.02
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.93
0.85
9.08
8.62
8.32
9.10
7.47
7.10
1.05
1.00
0.97
1.06
0.87
0.82
Mine Run
2* Lump
2' x 3' Nut
2* Screenings
\]4." Screenings
Table 9 presents therefore average values of equivalent evaporation
per pound of dry coal for each of the sizes of coal — first for a common
medium rate of evaporation in Column 2, and next for a common
high rate of evaporation in Column 4. These are the final results of
the tests, and they may be compared to determine the relative value
of the various sizes. Such a comparison of the values in Column 2
shows that when the boiler was worked at the medium rate the 3-inch
by 6-inch egg coal gave the highest evaporation, with the other sizes
following in the order in which they appear in the table; whereas
at the high rate the 2-inch by 3-inch nut coal gave the highest evapo-
ration followed by the egg, mine run, lump, 2-inch screenings, and
1%-inch screenings in the order named. Further comparison is more
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 45
conveniently made upon a percentage basis, for which purpose the
performance of the mine run is taken as unity or 100 per cent, and the
other sizes are represented in Columns 3 and 5 of Table 9 by numbers
which define the relation of their performance to that of the mine run.
At the medium rate the four larger grades gave nearly the same
performance, the maximum difference among them being but 4 per
cent. The steam production per pound of egg coal was 2 per cent
greater than with the mine run, while with the lump and the nut it
was respectively 1 per cent and 2 per cent less than with mine run.
The performance with 2-inch screenings was 7 per cent less and with
l^-inch screenings 15 per cent less than with mine run. If we assume
that mine run coal on the tender was worth $2.00 per ton, the relative
worth on the tender of the other sizes during the medium rate tests
was:
3 -inch x 6-inch Egg . . $2.04 2-ineh Screenings . . . $1.86
2 -inch Lump .; ..,= . . 1.98 1%-inch Screenings . . 1.70
2-inch x 3-inch Nut . . 1.96
At the high rate the 2-inch by 3-inch nut coal gave the best per-
formance, producing 6 per cent more steam than the mine run; the
3-inch by 6-inch egg came next with an evaporation 5 per cent more
than that of the mine run; while the 2-inch lump evaporated 3 per
cent less. At this rate of evaporation the 2-inch screenings and the
1^-inch screenings produced per pound respectively 13 per cent and
18 per cent less steam than the mine run. If we again assume that
mine run was worth on the tender $2.00 per ton, the relative worth
of the other sizes during the high rate tests was as follows :
2-inch x 3-inch Nut . . $2.12 2-inch Screenings . . . $1.74
3-inch x 6-inch Egg . . 2.10 1*4 -inch Screenings . . 1.64
2-inch Lump *? . . . 1.94
The facts presented in Table 9 and in the foregoing discussion are
graphically presented in Figs. 17 and 18. Fig. 17 shows the relative
steam producing capacity or the relative values of the six different
sizes of fuel when used at the medium rate of evaporation; and
Fig. 18 presents these relations for the high rate of evaporation. These
two figures and Table 9 embody the final and principal results. of the
whole test series.
While the differences in performance of the sizes is due in some
measure to inherent variations in heating value and in ash content,
these variations are too small to account fully for the difference in
FIG. 17.
THE EELATIVE EVAPORATIVE EFFICIENCIES OF THE COALS,
FOR THE MEDIUM RATE TESTS
FIG. 18.
THE RELATIVE EVAPORATIVE EFFICIENCIES OF THE COALS,
FOR THE HIGH RATE TESTS
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 47
performance, nor is an explanation on these grounds applicable to
all of the sizes. The difference in performance appears to be due
chiefly to the variations in cinder loss and in the conditions of com-
bustion which it was possible to maintain with the different sizes.
This conclusion is supported by the discussion of cinder losses and of
the heat distribution which follows in the next two sections.
18. Cinder Losses. — Information relative to the losses due to cin-
ders passing out through the stack is given in Fig. 19. In considering
the cinder losses as here presented it should be borne in mind that
all of the coal tested was of one kind, that is, it came from one mine.
Coals possessing other physical characteristics might show somewhat
different results as to cinder losses under the conditions of the tests
here considered. It should also be remembered that for a given rate,
medium or high, the draft was, for all grades of coal, practically con-
stant as shown in Fig. 15.
Fig. 19 shows the amount of the stack losses when the weight of
the cinders collected from the stack is expressed as a percentage of the
weight of the dry coal fired, and also the amount of such loss when
the heat content of the cinders collected from the stack is expressed
as a percentage of the British thermal units in the coal fired. The
loss when expressed as per cent of B. t. u. is numerically less than when
expressed as per cent of weight of dry coal, due to the fact that the
cinders do not have so high a heat value per pound as the coal from
which they originate. Also, due to the fact that cinders produced at
high rates of combustion have higher heating values than cinders pro-
duced at low rates of combustion, the differences between percentages
for medium rate and high rate tests are greater when expressed in
terms of heat units than when expressed in terms of dry coal. The
average heating value of the stack cinders for all medium rate tests
was 8635 B. t. u. and the average value for all high rate tests was
10854 B. t. u. Column 23, Table 6, shows the heating value of stack
cinders for each test and the average values for each of the twelve
groups of tests. The heating values of the cinders from the medium
rate tests with screenings were higher than corresponding values from
other grades of coal.
In Fig. 19 it will be seen that, during the medium rate tests, from
2.3 to 13.6 pounds of cinders were collected from the stack for each
100 pounds of dry coal fired; while for the high rate tests from 6.3
to 17.8 pounds were collected for each 100 pounds of coal. The
48
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
J-OSS DUE TO STACK CINDERS IN PER CENT
OF HEAT VALUE OF COAL AS FIRED
MEDIUM RATE
HIGH RATE
NUT EGG
RUN
CINDER LOSS IN PER CENT OF
WEIGHT OF DRY COAL FIRED
FIG. 19. THE CINDER LOSSES, EXPRESSED IN PER CENT OF THE HEAT IN THE COAL
AND AS PER CENT or THE WEIGHT OP THE DRY COAL
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
49
screened coals in all cases produced fewer cinders than the mine run
coal; and the screenings produced a materially greater quantity of
cinders than any of the larger sizes.
When the losses are expressed as B. t. u. percentages, Fig. 19 shows
that for the medium rate tests the loss on account of stack cinders
was smallest in the case of the lump coal, amounting to 1.3 per cent
of the heat content of the coal fired. The corresponding losses for the
egg, nut and mine run coals were 1.5, 1.6, and 2.2 per cent, respec-
MEDIUM RA1
^
12
16
2O
24
28
32
36
FINE MATERIAL PASSED THROUGH i" ROUND HOLE SCREEN- PERCENT COAL AS REC D
FIG. 20.
THE RELATION BETWEEN CINDER Loss AND THE PER CENT OF
FINE MATERIAL IN THE COAL
tively. The loss, during medium rate tests, for the 2-inch screenings
was 7.1 per cent and for the l^-inch screenings, 11.2 per cent. The
average loss from the screenings was roughly five times as great as
the average loss from the larger coals during the medium rate tests.
For the high rate tests the smallest heat loss due to stack cinders
occurred with the nut coal. The average losses for nut, egg, lump
and mine run are 5.2, 6.5, 6.7, and 8.4 -per cent, respectively. The
50 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
corresponding loss for the 2-inch screenings was 13.2 per cent and for
the 114-inch screenings 15.7 per cent. The average loss from the
screenings during the high rate tests was more than twice as great
as the average loss from the larger coals.
The figures and data indicate that with very fine coals such as
screenings the cinder loss is large even at medium rates of combustion
and with comparatively low front-end draft; but that under these
conditions the cinder loss is not serious for the larger coals even when
they contain a considerable amount of fine material as in mine run
coal. For conditions involving high rates of combustion and strong
drafts, however, the stack cinder loss is a serious one for all sizes
of coal.
Fig. 20 shows the relation existing between the loss due to stack
cinders and the amount of i/i-inch or smaller material in the coal as
received. The data presented in Fig. 20 are also shown in Table 10.
The curves in addition to showing the relative magnitude of the
cinder losses for the two rates of operation, show that the cinder losses
increased quite uniformly with the increase of fine material in the
coal. At the medium rate about 1 per cent of the coal would appa-
rently be lost as cinders if there were no %-inch fine material at all
in the coal; while at the higher rate and without such material, the
loss would be about 5.5 per cent. The curve for the high rate tests
shows an increase in the cinder loss of very nearly one per cent for
each increase of 3.7 per cent in the amount of ^-inch material in
the coal. The light straight lines in Fig. 20 show, for both rates, a
uniform increase of one per cent in cinder loss for each 3.7 per cent
increase in the i/i-inch material in the coal. The straight line repre-
sents the plotted points of the high rate tests closely but does not
represent so well the points plotted for the medium rate tests. For the
purposes of further discussion, however, the straight lines have been
accepted as defining with sufficient accuracy the relations for both
rates.
For conditions similar to those of the high rate tests, therefore, the
percentage loss of fuel due to stack cinders may be expected to be
approximately 5.5 plus the per cent of 14-inch material in the coal
divided by 3.7. Expressed as a formula this becomes
C = 5.5+ (F-f-3.7),
where C is the fuel loss on account of stack cinders expressed as per
cent of B. t. u. in the coal, and F is the per cent of original coal passing
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
51
TABLE 10
PER CENT OF FINE MATERIAL IN COAL, AND LOSSES DUE TO STACK CINDERS
Per Cent of Fine Material in
Loss Due to Stack Cinders
Passing Through
Per
Wt. of Cinders
SIZE
RATE
Cent
Round
Hole
Screen
Round
Hole
Screen
Round
Hole
Screen
B.t.u.
in Coal
Fired
Coal
as Fired
Dry
Coal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2" Lump
1.72
2.62
4.53
( Medium
{High
1.3
6.7
2.1
7.4
2.3
8.4
2"x3" Nut
1.87
2.93
5.77
( Medium
{High
1.6
5.2
2.3
5.7
2.5
6.3
3" x 6* Egg
2.28
3.40
5.40
( Medium
1 High
1.5
6.5
2.2
7.2
2.4
7.9
Mine Run
12.50
19.94
31.30
( Medium
1 High
2.2
8.4
3.1
9.0
3.3
9.8
2" Screenings
26.88
41.09
66.82
( Medium
1 Hi oil
7.1
13 2
8.9
14 1
9.8
ICC
1J4" Screenings .. .
37.59
57.62
95.56
( Medium
\ High
11.2
15.7
12.5
16.1
13.6
17.8
through a 14-inch round hole screen. The expression for conditions
similar to those of the medium rate tests is :
(7 — F-7-3.7.
The per cent of coal passing through a 14 -inch round hole screen
has been used in the foregoing analysis since that was the smallest
screen used in testing the coal for size. Similar analyses making use
of the per cent of coal passing through a %-inch or 1-inch screen show
similar relations and result in similar formulas, with only a change in
the value of the divisor. When F is the per cent of coal passing
through a i/k-nich round-hole screen, these formulas become :
C = 5.5 + (F -r- 5.7), for the high rate conditions,
C = F -r- 5.7, for the medium rate conditions ; and when F is
the per cent of coal passing through a 1-inch round-hole
screen, the corresponding formulas are:
C = 5.5 + (jP-r- 9.3), for the high rate conditions,
C = F -r- 9.3, for the medium rate conditions.
It should be remembered that kind of coal, intensity of draft,
firebox and front end arrangement and probably other factors may
materially affect the relations existing between cinder losses and the
amount of fine material in coal, and that in the tests under consider-
ation these variables have a very limited range. The results, therefore,
52 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
if applied to conditions other than those from which they were derived
should be used with caution and with an understanding of their limita-
tions.
During tests with the four larger grades, larger quantities of
cinders were collected than there was ^4-inch, or smaller, material in
the coal. For these coals a considerable portion of the cinders must
therefore have come from comparatively large pieces of coal. In the
Screenings tests the cinders collected were materially less in amount
than the ^4 -inch or smaller material that existed in the coal. At all
comparatively high rates of combustion therefore, and probably also
at lower rates, there must be factors determining the amount of cinders
produced other than the original amount of fine material in the coal
fired.
19. Heat Distribution. — Fig. 21 presents average heat balances
for the tests with each grade of coal for both medium and high rate
tests. The figures have been so constructed that the groups are
arranged with relation to decreasing values of the per cent of heat
absorbed by the boiler during the high rate tests. This places the
grades in the following order : nut, egg, mine run, lump, 2-inch screen-
ings, and l^-inch screenings, the nut coal having shown the high-
est boiler efficiency, followed by the other sizes in the order named.
During the medium rate tests the mine run coal showed the high-
est average boiler efficiency followed by egg, lump, nut, 2-inch
screenings and l^-inch screenings in the order named. The per-
centages of heat absorbed by the boiler, during the medium rate
tests, for the four grades of coal other than screenings, were, however,
very nearly the same, ranging only from 75.8 per cent for mine run to
73.6 per cent for nut coal.
Fig. 21, in addition to the per cent of heat absorbed by the boiler,
shows the following items, all in percentages of the heat of the coal
fired ; loss due to stack cinders ; loss due to hydrogen in the coal, mois-
ture in the coal, and moisture in the air; loss due to combustible in
the ash ; loss due to heat of the escaping gases ; loss due to incomplete
combustion of gases; and the " radiation and unaccounted for" loss.
The complete heat balances, tabulated in Appendix III, present the
same information in more detail and for each test. Fig. 21 reveals
various relations concerning the heat distribution. For the high rate
tests the figures representing cinder losses increase in size to about
the same extent as the figures representing heat absorbed by the
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
53
TO CINDERS
UNACCOUNTED FOR
TO ASH
TO ESCAPING GASES
ABSORBED BY BOILER
HEAT BALANCE
MEDIUM RATE TESTS
i — TO CINDERS
UNACCOUNTED FOR
TO ASH
TO ESCAPING GASES
ABSORBED BY BOILER
HEAT BALANCE
FIG. 21. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEAT DURING BOTH THE MEDIUM BATE
AND THE HIGH RATE TESTS
boiler decrease, in passing from nut to 1^-inch screenings. In
general also, all of the figures representing losses other than the cinder
loss appear to be nearly equal. The principal exceptions to the gen-
eral statements just made are found in the facts that losses due to
incomplete combustion vary considerably, and that the heat distribu-
tion representing the lump coal tests shows a small cinder loss and
.a large "unaccounted for" loss. It may be said, however, that there
was little variation in the losses due to escaping gases, to the ash-pan,
to incomplete combustion, to moisture, and to radiation and unac-
•counted for, as between the different grades ; and that the differences
in the amounts of heat absorbed by the boiler are to be accounted for
chiefly by the variation in the losses due to cinders.
This last statement is illustrated by Fig. 22, in which the height of
-each vertical band is proportioned to the sum of the heat absorbed
by the boiler and the heat carried away in the cinders. It is obvious
54
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
from the figure that, at the medium rate, the inferiority of the screen-
ings ^as compared with the other sizes is entirely accounted for by
their cinder losses. Among the four larger grades the cinder losses
were small and nearly alike during the medium rate tests, and the
differences in performances are not chargeable to cinders, but to other
factors. Of these four sizes the mine run shows the highest boiler
efficiency, despite the largest cinder loss. During the high rate tests
FIG. 22. THE SUM OF THE HEAT ABSORBED BY THE BOILER AND THE HEAT LOST
IN THE CINDERS, FOR BOTH THE MEDIUM AND THE HIGH RATE TESTS
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 55
the inferiority of the screenings is again almost entirely accounted
for by the cinder loss. The difference in performance of the four
other grades is also apparently due chiefly to the heat carried away
in the cinders, except as regards the lump coal which, although its
cinder loss was less than that of the mine run and about equal to that
of the egg and nut, nevertheless gave a performance inferior to all
of them. This fact reflects the difficulty experienced in firing the
lump coal at the high rate, which has been previously alluded to.
The radiation and unaccounted for losses are, for all grades, quite
uniform, the minimum and maximum values for the twelve groups
being 3.0 per cent and 9.3 per cent. The minimum, maximum, and
average values for the entire 36 tests are 2, 11.2, and 5.2 per cent
respectively. If there were no unaccounted for loss the average value
of 5.2 per cent should represent with some degree of exactness the
radiation loss. In addition to the heat losses accounted for there are
probably other losses not measured, such as those due to sensible
heat carried away by the ash and cinders, unburned combustible
gases not determined by the gas analysis, and unburned carbon in the
smoke other than the cinders which are collected. Making an allow-
ance of 1 or 2 per cent for the losses just mentioned and deducting
this from the total average unaccounted for — 5.2 per cent — would
leave the average value for the loss due to radiation at about 3 or 4 per
cent. While we have no very reliable data as to the radiation loss
under conditions similar to those of the tests, the figure 3 or 4 per cent
is probably not greatly in error. There is, further, for all tests a com-
paratively small variation of the radiation and unaccounted for loss
from the mean value. Because of these facts it is fair to conclude
that, in general, the heat distributions as given in the tables account
for practically all of the heat content of the coal; that the amounts
actually unaccounted for are so small as not seriously to invalidate
any portion of the balances ; and finally that the approximately com-
plete and correct accounting for of all the heat content of the coal
makes it probable that values defining the heat distribution may
safely be taken as a basis for conclusions concerning the test results.
IX. CONCLUSIONS
Such generalizations as follow seem warranted by the test results.
They are presented as applicable only to the coal tested. How closely
they apply to coals from other fields is not clear, although it is prob-
56 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
able that they hold good for other coals of like mechanical make-up
and similar physical properties. If it is desired to apply these conclu-
sions to coals from other fields, the facts should be borne in mind that
the six sizes tested were, more nearly alike in chemical composition
and heating value than is often the case, that the cinder losses account
in large measure for the differences in performance, that the firing
was unusually uniform and constantly supervised, that the large
lumps in both the mine run and lump coals were broken before
firing, and that the same exhaust nozzle was used throughout all tests.
The purpose of the tests and the general program are set forth
in Chapter II.
The heating values and the chemical analyses of the six sizes
of coal tested are given in Table 1 of Chapter III, and their mechan-
ical make-up is defined in sections 6 and 7 of that chapter.
The final results of the tests, expressed in terms of equivalent evap-
oration per pound of dry coal, are presented in Columns 2 and 4 of
Table 9 in Chapter VIII, and they are discussed at the end of sec-
tion 17 in that chapter.
The relative values of the six sizes are defined by the percentage
values given in Columns 3 and 5 of Table 9 in Chapter VIII, and
are illustrated by Figs. 17 and 18. It should not be forgotten that
these percentages define the relative values of the coals on the tender
— not at the mine.
At the prices which prevailed when the tests were made, both
sizes of screenings were slightly more economical than the mine run
coal. Among the four larger grades the mine run was much more
economical than either the egg, nut, or lump coals. Averaging the
results at both rates of evaporation, the price differential between
2-inch screenings and 1%-inch screenings was just offset by the
superior performance of the former.
Except as regards the lump coal at the high rate of evaporation
and the four larger grades at the medium rate, the heat lost in the
cinders accounts almost entirely for the differences in performance
among the various grades. These losses are shown in Figs. 21 and 22
and they are discussed in sections 18 and 19. For the Screenings
they varied during the medium rate tests from 7.1 to 11.2 per cent,
and in the high rate tests from 13.2 to 15.7 per cent. Among the
four larger sizes the heat lost in the cinders varied during the
medium rate tests from 1.3 to 2.2 per cent, and in the high rate tests
from 5.2 to 8.4 per cent.
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 57
Inspection of Figs. 21 and 22 reveals the fact that, despite greater
heat loss in the cinders, mine run coal at the medium rate of evapo-
ration had a higher boiler efficiency than either the egg or the lump ;
and at the high rate its efficiency was greater than that of the lump,
and only 1.3 per cent inferior to that of the egg. It is assumed that
this is due to the better combustion of the smaller pieces of coal,
which are more numerous in the mine run than in the two other
sizes.
The inferiority of the performance of the nut coal at the medium
rate was probably due to insufficient draft. Its superior performance
at the high rate is considered to be due to its small cinder loss and
to the evenness and uniformity of the fire which it was possible to
maintain with this grade.
At the high rate of evaporation it was more difficult to handle
the fire with lump coal than with mine run; and at both rates the
evaporative efficiency of the lump was less than that of mine run.
The test results offer, therefore, no support for the popular belief in
the superiority of lump coal.
As stated in Chapter III the large lumps in both the mine run
and lump coals were broken before firing — the former somewhat the
more thoroughly, as is evidenced by the fact that after being thus
cracked all of the mine run would pass a 5-inch round opening,
whereas only 74 per cent of the lump would pass an opening of this
size. As has been stated, the evaporative efficiency of the mine run
was greater than that of the lump at both rates of evaporation. Since
these two coals were not in other respects identical, the facts cited
do not form a conclusive argument for the advantage of breaking the
large lumps; but, taken in connection with the firing experience in
the laboratory, they do offer support for the opinion expressed by the
Fuel Test Committee that the cracking of coal to the point where it
will all pass a 5-inch or 64nch round-hole screen is worth more than
it costs at well equipped coal chutes.
58 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
APPENDIX I
THE LOCOMOTIVE
The locomotive has been briefly described in the body of this
report. For convenience of reference some of the facts there cited are
repeated in this appendix which is intended to describe the locomotive
in detail.
20. General Design. — Baltimore and Ohio locomotive 4846 is of
the 2-8-2 type and is shown in general design in Figs. 12, 23, 24,
and 25. It was built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in the sum-
mer of 1916. It uses superheated steam at 190-pound boiler pressure,
in simple cylinders, 26 inches in diameter by 32 inches stroke. Its
principal general dimensions are as follows: —
Weight of locomotive, in working order 284500 Ib.
Weight of teirder, loaded 180000 Ib.
Weight of locomotive and tender, in working order . . 464500 Ib.
Weight on front drivers 55600 Ib.
Weight on intermediate drivers 54900 Ib.
Weight on main drivers 56200 Ib.
Weight on back drivers 55300 Ib.
Weight on drivers, total 222000 Ib.
Weight on leading truck 19400 Ib.
Weight on trailing truck 43100 Ib.
Nominal maximum tractive effort 54587 Ib.
Driving wheel base 16 ft.- 9 in.
Total wheel base of locomotive 35 ft.- 0 in.
Driving wheel diameter — nominal 64 in.
Driving wheel diameter — actual 63.92 in.
Leading truck wheel diameter 33 in.
Trailing truck wheel diameter 46 in.
Main driving journals HV6 x 21 in.
Other driving journals 9% x 13 in.
Leading truck journals 6 x 6 in.
Trailing truck journals 8 x 14 in.
21. The Boiler, Firebox, and Front End. — The boiler, the general
design of which is shown in Figs. 26 and 27, was of the wagon top
radial stay type, composed of four ring courses and the back end.
The main steam dome was mounted over an opening about 27 inches
in diameter and an auxiliary dome was mounted on the back end,
about one-third of the length of the firebox back of the flue sheet.
Flexible staybolts were used throughout.
60
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
FIG. 24. PARTIAL FRONT ELEVATION
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
61
FIG. 25. BEAR ELEVATION AND SECTION THROUGH THE CAB
r
_L
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
63
The firebox was provided with a ' ' Security ' ' brick arch carried on
four 3-inch arch tubes. The grates — shown in Fig. 28 — were of the
box type with a total area of 69.8 square feet and a total area through
the grate openings of 17.0 square feet — 24.4 per cent of the grate
area. In ordinary operation the firebox was fed by a Street mechan-
ical stoker built by The Locomotive Stoker Company. Its general
design is shown in Fig. 25. Three inlets of S^-inch inside diameter
were provided in the back head for the stoker nozzles.
The general design of the front end and the superheater appears in
Figs. 26 and 27. While the locomotive was being broken in in service
the front-end arrangements shown in the figures were tested by using
coal similar to that to be used during the tests and were found to be
satisfactory. They were not modified during the progress of the tests.
The superheater was of the Schmidt top-header type and consisted
of 34 elements. The principal boiler dimensions appear in the follow-
ing list :
Outside diameter of first ring 78 in.
Cylindrical courses, thickness of sheet J-i an^ % in.
Wrapper sheet, thickness ^ in.
Back flue sheet, thickness % in.
Front flue sheet, thickness % in.
Firebox sheets, thickness % in.
Number of 2% -inch tubes 218
Number of 5%-inch tubes 34
Number of 3 -inch arch tubes 4
Length between tube sheets 21 ft.
Water space in the boiler 547.3 cu. ft.
Steam space in the boiler 144.7 cu. ft.
Heating surface of 2*4 -inch tubes, fireside . . . 2,410.0 sq. ft.
Heating surface of 5% -inch tubes, fireside ... 972.8 sq. ft.
Heating surface of 3 -inch tubes, fireside . . . . 31.4 sq. ft.
Heating surface of front tube sheet, fireside ... 15.3 sq. ft.
Heating surface of firebox, fireside 200.4 sq. ft.
Total water heating surface, fireside 3,630.0 sq. ft.
Superheating surface, fireside 1,030.0 sq. ft.
Total water and superheating surface, fireside . . 4,660.0 sq. ft.
Number of superheater tubes 136
Outside diameter of superheater tubes l/e in-
Total length of superheater tubes . . . .. . . 2,733 . 5 ft.
Length of firebox, inside 120 in.
Width of firebox, inside 84 in.
Depth of firebox, at front 81 in.
Depth of firebox, at back 71^ in.
Volume of firebox 348.6 cu. ft.
Grate area * . . 69.8 sq. ft.
Exhaust nozzle, tip diameter 6 in.
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
FIG. 27. THE FRONT-END ARRANGEMENT AND THE SUPERHEATER
FIG. 28. THE GRATES
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 65
22. The Cylinders and the Valves. — The arrangement of the
cylinders and the valves is shown in Fig. 24. The valves were driven
by a Baker-Pilliod gear. The following list presents the principal
cylinder and valve dimensions together with data useful in interpret-
ing the indicator diagrams:
Cylinder diameter, right side 25.771 in.
Cylinder diameter, left side 25.767 in.
Valve chamber diameter, right side 14.0 in.
Valve chamber diameter, left side 14.0 in.
Stroke of piston, both sides 32.0 in.
Piston rod diameter, both' sides 4.0 in.
Piston displacements:
Eight side, head end 9.660 cu. ft.
Right side, crank end 9.427 cu. ft.
Left side, head end 9.657 cu. ft.
Left side, crank end • • • • • • 9.424 cu. ft.
Clearance volumes — per cent of piston displacement:
Eight side, head end .... " 11.0 per cent
Eight side, crank end 11.5 per cent
Left side, head end 11.1 per cent
Left side, crank end 11.4 per cent
66 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
APPENDIX II
TEST METHODS AND CALCULATIONS
The test methods employed were, in general, those outlined in the
"Method of Conducting Locomotive and Road Tests" as published in
the Proceedings of the American Railway Master Mechanics' Asso-
ciation, Volume 47, page 538.
All tests were run under one of two sets of conditions as to speed
and cut-off: The "Medium Rate" tests at a speed of 100 revolutions
per minute and at 33 per cent cut-off, and the "High Rate" test at
a speed of 135 revolutions per minute and at 55 per cent cut-off. The
test methods employed were the same for all tests, and throughout
each test all conditions subject to control were maintained as nearly
constant as possible. The graphical logs in Appendix III show to what
extent uniformity of test conditions was obtained during tests 2416
and 2405, and these logs may be taken as fairly representative of
test conditions for all of the tests.
All instruments were known to be correct within reasonable limits
or were calibrated at intervals and suitable corrections applied to the
observed data. Observations were in general taken every ten minutes.
Indicator diagrams were taken from each end of both cylinders at
intervals varying from ten minutes on some tests to forty minutes on
other tests. Owing to the uniformity of test conditions and to the fact
that only two sets of conditions as to speed and cut-off were employed,
the taking of indicator diagrams more frequently was unnecessary.
The locations of the more important instruments and apparatus are
indicated in the figures in Appendix I.
23. Duration of Tests. — The tests varied in length from 58 min-
utes for test 2435 to 6 hours and 17 minutes for test 2401. The gen-
eral test program contemplated one medium and one high rate test
for each size of coal during which approximately ten tons of coal
should be burned per test; and two medium and two high rate
tests for each grade of coal during which approximately 6%j tons
of coal should be burned per test. An examination of the data shows
that during five tests ten tons or more of coal were burned per test ;
that during 30 tests the amount of coal per test varied from 4 to 9
tons; and that in one test only 2 tons of coal were burned. For the
entire 36 tests the average amount of coal burned was 7 tons per
test. As an average therefore about 200 pounds of coal per square
foot of grate were burned per test.
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 67
24. Beginning and Closing a Test. — Fires were built upon a clean
grate for each test. With sufficient steam pressure, the locomotive
was started and was gradually brought to the required conditions of
speed and cut-off. It was then operated for a short time under the
required conditions and until a satisfactory fire and a satisfactory
boiler pressure were being maintained. On signal the- ash pan and
cinder separator were closed, observations of water levels and steam
pressure were made, and the test was begun. In closing a test simul-
taneous observations were made upon water levels, steam pressure
and condition of fire. The locomotive was then stopped as quickly as
conditions warranted. As soon as possible after stopping, ashes were
removed from ash pan, and cinders from the cinder separator.
In all cases it was endeavored to have the same amount of com-
bustible matter upon the grate at the close as at the start of the test.
The removal of ash from the fire in connection with the closing of the
test was primarily for the purpose of judging the amount of combusti-
ble upon the grate and not for the purpose of collecting ash. The en-
deavor was made to have the boiler pressure and the water level in the
boiler substantially the same at the close as at the beginning of the
test. Corrections were made for such irregularities as occurred.
25. Temperatures, Pressures, etc. — Temperatures in the firebox
were measured by a platinum and platinum-rhodium thermocouple;
and front-end and superheated steam temperatures by copper and
copper-constantan couples. Mercury thermometers were used at other
points where temperature observations were made.
Boiler pressure observations were taken from a gauge located in
the engine cab. Draft pressures were measured by means of ' ' U " tubes
with water or with differential draft gauges. Quality of steam was
determined by means of a throttling calorimeter fitted with a suitable
sampling tube. During portions of a few tests the moisture in the
steam was so great that it could not be measured by means of the throt-
tling calorimeter. Speed was measured by means of a stroke counter.
26. Flue Gas Sampling and Analysis. — Front-end gas samples
were collected through a sampling pipe provided with numerous small
holes along the pipe through which the gas was drawn. The time
during which a single sample was collected varied from 20 to 60 min-
utes, depending mainly upon the total length of the test. The taking
of samples covered in general the entire time of the test. All samples
were collected over mercury and analyzed immediately after collec-
tion. The apparatus used for the analysis of the flue gases was
68 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
Burrell and Seibert 's modification of Haldane 's apparatus. The accu-
racy of this apparatus is sufficient to distinguish 0.01 per cent of car-
bon monoxide, of methane, or of hydrogen. In the present work, C02
percentages were checked to 0.02 per cent and unusual care was taken
both in the collection of samples and in the analysis in order that reli-
able data might be secured regarding the percentages of carbon
monoxide, of methane, and of hydrogen.
The tabulated data relating to the composition of the flue gases, as
well as the heat losses due to methane and to hydrogen, indicate that
under ordinary conditions very little of the original heat of the coal
is lost because of the presence of these gases and that only a small
error will be made if the volume of these gases which is present be
treated as carbon monoxide instead of as methane and hydrogen.
27. Samples of Coal, Ash, and Cinders for Chemical Analysis. —
Following the close of a test, the ashes collected in the ash pan and the
cinders collected in the cinder separator were weighed and sampled.
Samples weighing from 50 to 150 pounds were collected as the ash
and cinders were being weighed, a small amount being taken from
each barrow load after passing over the scales.
Ninety-five per cent or more of each cinder sample being smaller
than ^ inch, the large sample was thoroughly mixed and reduced
by " quartering " to a five-pound sample. The ashes were mixed and
crushed to ^-inch size and reduced to a five-pound sample by ' ' quar-
tering. ' '
The general practice of sampling the coal for chemical analysis
was that outlined in the 1915 Year Book of the American Society for
Testing Materials. During each test, as the coal was loaded from the
bins into the wagons to be transferred to the firing platform, amounts
weighing approximately 15 pounds (one scoop ful) were placed in
sampling cans. The number of these portions was so proportioned
that a total sample of 1,000 pounds would be collected from the total
amount of coal fired during one test. In the case of the 1*4 -inch
and the 2-inch screenings, because of their general uniformity and
thorough mixture resulting from the process of screening and loading,
the number of scoops of sample coal was so proportioned to the gross
amount of coal burned that total samples weighing approximately
500 pounds instead of 1,000 pounds were collected. For test 2435
a sample of only 200 pounds was collected. For all other tests the
samples weighed 500 pounds or more. The average weight of all
samples collected for the grades larger than screenings was 885 pounds.
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 69
Special care was exercised to ensure that the coal selected for
samples was in all respects representative of the coal being fired. In
general, samples for the chemical laboratory were prepared from the
large samples immediately after collection. The samples were pre-
pared largely by mechanical means which produced results equivalent
to the hand method described in the year book of the American Society
for Testing Materials. The entire sample was crushed by rolls to
less than 1-inch size, then mixed by "coning" and reduced by "long
pile" mixing and "quartering" to from 125 to 250 pounds. This
amount was then pulverized and, through quartering, was reduced
to a five-pound sample.
The five-pound samples of coal, ash, and cinders were submitted to
the chemical laboratory for analysis.
28. Chemical Analysis of Coal, Ash, and Cinders. — The chemical
analysis and heat determinations were made by the United States
Bureau of Mines at the Experiment Station Laboratory, Pittsburgh,
Pa. The methods of analysis and details of the apparatus used by the
Bureau of Mines in analyzing coal are fully described in Technical
Paper 8 issued by the bureau in June, 1913, and all samples of coal, ash
and stack cinders were analyzed in accordance with those methods.
Proximate analyses and direct B. t. u. determinations were made
for the coal sample for each test. One ultimate analysis was made
for each size of coal tested. The ultimate analyses were made from
composite samples. Each composite sample was made by combining
equal parts by weight from the air-dried samples representing the
tests for each grade of coal. The ultimate analyses for the individual
tests which appear in the report are based upon the percentages of
moisture, ash, and sulphur as determined by the proximate analysis;
and upon the assumption that the percentages of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen as determined for the individual tests are pro-
portional to the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
as determined for the composite samples of that size by ultimate
analysis.
Proximate analyses and direct B. t. u. determinations of the cinder
samples were made for each test.- Proximate analyses were made of
the ash sample for each test and direct B. t. u. determinations were
made for each ash sample for tests 2400 to 2427 inclusive. For the ash
samples subsequent to test 2427, the B. t. u. values were calculated
from an average B. t. u. value for one pound of moisture-free and ash-
free content of the ash samples. The average moisture-free and ash-
70 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
free B. t. u. value for all ash samples 2400 to 2424 inclusive, is 14,148
B. t. u. per pound, and all ash samples subsequent to test 2427 have
B. t. u. values dependent upon this average value and proportional to
the moisture-free and ash-free content of the individual samples.
29. Samples of Coal for Mechanical Analysis. — From each car of
coal delivered, a sample was taken for mechanical analysis to deter-
mine the grade percentages in each size of coal. All samples were col-
lected in uniform manner, the handling from car to separating screens
being such that approximately the same amount of incidental break-
age took place as occurred when the regular firing coal was transferred
from the cars to the firing platform. As each car of the run of mine
and the 2-inch lump coal was unloaded, every twentieth scoopful and
every twentieth lump unloaded by hand were set aside. In the case
of the other coals, which contained no large lumps, every fifteenth
scoopful was set aside. The weight of each sample collected was
about five per cent of the weight of the coal in each car.
30. Smoke Records. — The Ringelmann scale was used in making
the smoke observations. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the Ringelmann chart
represent respectively, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 per cent of black smoke.
Owing to the large amount of steam escaping with the stack gases,
changes in temperature and light greatly affect the appearance of the
smoke as regards its apparent blackness. Due to these and other
causes which affect the value of observations of this kind, the tabulated
results regarding blackness of smoke should be accepted as only
approximately correct.
31. Methods of Calculation. — The methods used in determining
the calculated results are in general similar to the detailed methods of
calculation published in Bulletin No. 82, University of Illinois, Engi-
neering Experiment Station.
The calculations relating to heat losses due to the presence of
hydrogen and methane in the escaping gases were based upon the
determination of the amounts of these gases present and upon heat
values of 62100 and 23842 B. t. u. per pound for hydrogen and me-
thane, respectively.
The steam tables of G. A. Goodenough, presented in "Properties
of Steam and Ammonia, ' ' have been used in all calculations pertaining
to the properties of steam.
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 71
Certain methods of calculation relating to the determination of
the amount of superheated steam produced and the amount used by
the engine are as follows:
Item 409. Degrees of Superheat
(Branch-pipe Temperature) —
(Temperature of Saturated Steam at Branch-
pipe pressure).
Item 644. Factor of Evaporation
Hs — h
971.7
H8 = Total heat of steam at branch-pipe press-
ure.
h = Heat of liquid due to feed water temper-
ature.
Heat Transfer Across Water Heating Surface per Minute,
B. t. u.
Item 633 X (q + xr — h) -r- 60
q + xr — h = the heat added to each pound of water evapo-
rated by the boiler exclusive of the superheater.
Heat Transfer Across Superheater Heating Surface per Min-
ute, B. t. u.
(Pounds of steam to superheater per minute) X
(Hs — q — xr)
Hs — q — xr'= the heat added to each pound of steam pass-
ing through the superheater.
Item 645. Equivalent Evaporation per Hour, Pounds.
[(Heat transfer per hour across water HS) + 1 . 07-1 7
(Heat transfer per hour across Superheater HS) J
Superheated Steam per Hours, Pounds.
Item 645 -f- Item 644
Superheated Steam to Engine per Hour, Pounds.
(Superheated steam per hour) —
(Superheated steam loss per hour due to Calorimeter
leaks, Corrections, etc.)
72 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
APPENDIX III
TABULATED DATA AND RESULTS
The purpose of this appendix is to present, for the sake of those
who are interested in the details of the tests, all the data and the
results. The appendix consists of sixteen tables and two figures.
Tables 11 to 26, inclusive, contain the results for each of the 36
tests arranged in six groups. Each of the six groups presents the
data and the results for a particular size of fuel. Within each group
the arrangement is such that the medium rate tests precede the high
rate tests. The tests were numbered consecutively in the order
in which they were run and their arrangement within the tables is,
with few exceptions, also in this order. Under each size of fuel
the results of all tests made at a common rate of evaporation have
been averaged and these averages appear in the tables in bold face
type. The columns headed "Test Number" and "Laboratory Desig-
nation" are repeated from table to table to facilitate cross reference.
The first term of the column headed "Laboratory Designation" indi-
cates the kind of fuel; the second, the nominal speed in revolutions
per minute; and the third, the nominal cut-off in per cent of stroke.
The abbreviations used in this column are: M. R. for mine run;
2 in. S. for 2-inch screenings; and 1*4 in. S. for l^-inch screenings.
The data and the results are presented under 146 column headings.
The numbers assigned to these columns are included between 344
and 900 and they appear in the tables in the order of these numbers,
which are in general the same as those used in the code for testing
locomotives published in the Proceedings of the American Railway
Master Mechanics ' Association, Vol. 47, p. 538.
In Fig. 29 and Fig. 30 are shown graphical logs for tests 2416 and
2405 respectively, which are fairly typical of all the tests. Test 2416
is a medium rate test, during which 19915 pounds of 3-inch by 6-inch
egg coal were fired ; whereas No. 2405 is a high rate test during which
20,000 pounds of mine run coal were fired. The lines plotted in these
two figures afford a basis for judging of the uniformity of the test
conditions which prevailed during these tests.
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
73
TABLE, 11
GENERAL CONDITIONS
TEST
NUMBER
Laboratory
Designation
Duration
of Test,
Hours
SPEED
Reverse
Lever
Notches
from
Center
Throt-
tle
Revolutions
Equivalent
Total
Average
per
Minute
Speed in
Miles per
Hour
Piston
Speed
in Feet
Minute
Code Item ^~
345
351
352
353
354
360
363
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
3.62
6.28
5.20
21576
37439
31101
99.4
99.3
99.7
99.5
18.9
18.9
19.0
18.9
530.1
529.6
531.7
530.5
2
2
2
Full
Full
Full
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
2.72
2.68
1.92
21807
21687
15529
133.8
134.7
135.0
134.5
25.5
25.6
25.7
25.6
713.6
718.4
720.0
717.3
6
6
6
Full
Full
Full
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
3.77
2.33
4.33
4.50
22528
13904
25886
26782
99.7
99.3
99.6
99.2
99.5
19.0
18.9
19.0
18.9
19.0
531.7
529.6
531.2
529.0
530.4
2
2
2
2
Full
Full
Full
Full
2412
2413
2414.
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
2.67
3.00
2.00
21643
24285
16189
135.3
134.9
134.9
135.0
25.8
25.7
25.7
25.7
721.6
719.4
719.4
720.1
6
6
6
Full
Full
Full
2415
2416
2423
Egg- 100-33
Egg- 100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
3.50
5.83
4.00
20834
34822
23741
99.2
99.5
98.9
99.2
18.9
18.9
18.8
18.9
529.0
530.6
527.4
529 0
2
2
2
Full
Full
Full
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
2.00
2.17
1.98
16214
17650
16133
135.1
135.8
135.6
135.5
25.7
25.9
25.8
25.8
720.5
724.2
723 . 2
722 6
6
6
6
Full
Full
Full
2417
2418
2419
Lump-100-33
Lump- 100-33
Lump-100-33
Average
4.00
5.83
3.67
23837
34894
21918
99.3
99.7
99.6
99.5
18.9
19.0
19.0
19.0
529.6
531.7
531.2
530 8
2
2
2
Full
Full
Full
2425
2427
2428
2442
Lump- 135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump- 135-55
Lump-135-55
Average
1.00
1.50
1.83
2.00
8111
12194
14963
16071
135.2
135.5
136.0
133.9
135.2
25.7
25.8
25.9
25.5
25.7
721.0
722.7
725.3
714.1
720.8
6
6
6
6
Full
Full
Full
Full
2430
2434
2435
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
Average
2.62
3.13
0.97
15671
18475
5791
99.8
98.3
99.8
99.3
19.0
18.7
19.0
18 9
532.2
524.2
532.2
529 5
2
2
2
Full
Full
Full
2436
2437
2 in. S.-135-55
2 in. S.-135-55
Average
1.35
1 . 50
10870
12133
134.2
134.8
134.5
25.5
25.7
25 6
715.7
718.9
717.3
6
6
Full
Full
2431
2432
2433
H in. S.-100-33
11 in. S.-100-33
H in. S.-100-33
Average
1.77
1.87
3.10
10603
11184
18511
100.0
99.9
99.5
99 8
19.0
19.0
18.9
19 0
533 . 3
532.8
530.6
532.2
2
2
2
Full
Full
Full
2440
2441
H in. S.-135-55
H in. S.-135-55
Average
1.50
1.50
12063
12105
134.0
134.5
134.3
25.5
25.6
25.6
714.6
717.3
716.0
6
6
Full
Full
74
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 12
TEMPERATURES
TEST
NUMBER
Laboratory
Designation
TEMPERATURE, DEGREES F.
Front-
End
Laboratory
Branch
Pipe
Feed
Water
Fire-
Box
Out-
Door
Dry Bulb
Wet Bulb
Code Item &T
367
368
369
370
373
374
2400
2401
2402
M. R. -100-33
M. R. -100-33
M. R. -100-33
Average
535
535
539
636
75
73
79
76
71
70
78
573
566
564
568
58.9
56.0
59.2
68.0
1735
1835
1812
1794
51
49
62
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
627
631
624
627
64
60
48
67
61
58
44
628
631
618
626
56.5
55.6
55.2
65.8
2271
2334
2140
2248
35
25
37
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
595
588
570
555
577
51
54
58
49
63
54
55
56
48
589
582
569
572'
578
55.2
55.2
54.1
54.9
64.9
2090
2034
2008
1967
2025
12
10
12
23
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
607
611
631
616
50
45
51
49
55
52
56
629
632
634
632
55.7
54.5
55.9
55.4
2293
2267
2174
2245
28
18
28
2415
2416
2423
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
543
540
539
541
65
62
46
58
64
63
47
576
574
571
574
55.9
56.2
54.8
55.6
1808
1801
"isos"
44
42
8
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg- 135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
588
634
626
616
58
56
51
55
56
57
53
610
590
617
606
55.9
54.7
55.0
55.2
2210
2278
2183
2224
42
35
9
2417
2418
2419
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Average
546
545
553
548
59
58
57
58
58
58
57
578
578
578
578
56.0
57.0
56.2
56 4
1838
1857
1849
1848
46
36
36
2425
2427
2428
2442
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Average
618
625
635
637
629
46
50
43
49
47
47
46
42
42
595
578
603
616
598
56.3
55.3
54.4
54.4
65.1
2178
2308
2277
2192
2239
24
26
24
18
2430
2434
2435
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
Average
549
541
549
546
56
48
62
65
48
46
49
583
584
578
582
56.4
54.8
57.1
56.1
2010
1817
1936
1921
29
—2
25
2436
2437
2 in. S.-l 35-55
2 in. S.-135-55
Average
631
634
633
40
44
42
38
40
634
637
636
53.4
54.1
53 8
2078
2194
2136
5
27
2431
2432
2433
1 J in. S.-100-33
1 J in. S.-100-33
1 J in. S.-100-33
Average
551
544
543
546
63
76
59
66
59
66
54
589
591
572
584
57.0
57.6
55.3
56.6
2003
1798
1874
1892
48
60
13
2440
2441
1J in. S.-135-55
1J in. S.-135-55
Average
634
639
637
42
43
43
38
38
604
629
617
54.1
54.0
54.1
2273
2234
2254
9
10
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
75
TABLE 13
PRESSURES
TEST
NUMBER
Laboratory
pesignation
Pressure — Ib. per sq. in.
Draft, in. of Water
Boiler,
Average
Gauge
Branch
Pipe
Average
Gauge
Labor-
atory
Baro-
metric
Front End
Fire
Box
Ash
Pan
Front
of Dia-
phragm
Back of
Diaphragm
Below
Damper
Above
Damper
Code ItemET"
380
383
388
394
395
396
397
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
190.4
190.0
190.2
190.2
179
172
174
175
14.3
14.3
14.2
14.3
2.8
2.8
3.0
2.9
2.3
2.4
.2.5
2.4
2.1
2.1
2.3
2.2
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
187.8
187.8
189.4
188.3
168
167
164
166
14.3
14.2
14.3
14.3
8.4
8.6
10.1
9.0
6.6
6.7
7.8
7.0
5.9
6.0
7.0
6.3
4.2
4.3
4.5
4.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
189.0
188.5
186.2
189.9
188.4
178
177
181
182
180
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.4
3.0
2.9
2.9
3.6
3.1
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.8
2.5
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.5
2.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.8
1.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
187.1
187.1
187.5
187.2
168
168
168
168
14.5
14.6
14.5
14.5
9.2
9.2
9.3
9.2
7.3
7.2
7.3
7.3
6.6
6.4
6.5
6.5
4.6
4.4
4.5
4.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
2415
2416
2423
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
189.9
189.5
190.0
189.8
180
180
182
181
14.2
14.2
14.4
14.3
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.5
3.1
3.0
2.7
2.9
2.6
2.6
2.2
2.5
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
190.1
189.7
190.1
190.0
171
170
170
170
14.2
14.2
14.5
14.3
9.5
9.2
9.3
9.3
7.7
7.4
7.3
7.5
6.7
6.4
6.4
6.5
4.3
4.0
4.1
4.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
2417
2418
2419
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Average
189.9
190.1
190.0
190.0
180
180
180
180
14.2
14.2
14.4
14.3
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.2
0.2
.0.2
0.2
2425
2427
2428
2442
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Average
190.0
183.4
186.8
188.9
187.3
168
162
166
166
166
14.6
14.4
14.4
14.4
14.5
9.3
9.3
9.4
10.0
9.5
7.5
7.1
7.4
8.0
7.5
6.4
6.3
6.6
7.2
6.7
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.6
4.4
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.4
2430
2434
2435
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
Average
188.6
190.0
191.1
189.9
181
181
182
181
14.3
14.5
14.3
14.4
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.1
3.0
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.5
2.7
2.8
1.9
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
2.1
2.0
2436
2437
2 in. S.-135-55
2 in. S.-135-55
Average
185.3
189.1
187.2
161
162
162
14.4
14.4
14.4
9.4
9.2
9.3
7.6
7.4
7.5
6.5
6.3
6.4
3.7
3.8
3.8
0.4
0.3
0.4
2431
2432
2433
11 in. S.-100-33
H in. S.-100-33
11 in. S.-100-33
Average
184.5
189.1
187.7
187.1
178
181
180
180
14.4
14.1
14.4
14.3
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.6
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.0
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.6
1.9
1.1
1.3
1.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
2440
2441
U in. S.-135-55
11 in. S.-135-55
Average
186.6
191.0
188.8
163
166
165
14.4
14.4
14.4
9.5
9.4
9.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
6.6
6.4
6.5
4.0
3.7
3.9
0.5
0.5
0.5
76
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 14
QUALITY OF STEAM, COAL, CINDERS AND ASH, AND AIR SUPPLY
TEST
NUM-
BER
Laboratory
Designation
Quality
of
Steam
in
Dome
De-
grees
of
Super-
Heat
Factor
of Cor-
rection
for
Quality
of
Steam
Coal
Fired
Total
Ib.
Dry
Coal
Fired
Total
Ib.
Com-
bus-
tible
by
Analy-
sis
Total
Ib.
Ash
by
Analy-
sis
Total
Ib.
Stack
Cin-
ders
Total
Ib.
Air
per
Ib.
of
Car-
bon
Con-
sumed
Ib.
Air
ff
of
Coal
M
Fired
Ib.
Code -w-
Item *^
407
409
412
418
419
420
421
423
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
0.9815
0.9791
0.9801
0.9802
194
190
187
190
0.987
0.985
0.986
11399
20000
17000
16133
10472
18432
15628
9393
16512
13960
1079
1920
1668
360
592
529.
494
19.5
19.4
18.3
19 1
12.5
12.4
11.7
12 2
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
0.9628
0.9574
0.9437
0 9646
254
257
246
252
0.973
(1 '.H-,'.l
0.960
L'l H II ,< 1
18630
14000
17543
18848
17110
12824
16346
1. 'MM
11390
2002
1757
1434
1926
1579
1247
1584
15.6
15.7
16.6
16.0
8.9
9.2
9.5
9.2
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
0.9890
0.9836
0.9840
O.'.is.V?
0 9855
210
204
189
192
199
0.992
0.968
0.960
0.989
12955
7808
14731
16310
12951
11853
7125
13442
15064
10702
r.iL':;
12100
13550
1150
702
1342
1514
236
169
311
482
300
17.0
16.7
16.6
16.5
16 7
11.2
10.8
10.8
10.8
10 9
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
0.9516
0.9470
0.9460
0.9482
255
258
260
258
0.965
n •...,_'
0.961
18683
L'l IS 1 1
li-iXM
17793
17022
IV.I.1S
12647
15371
17196
11452
1652
1742
1195
1103
1191
780
1025
14.2
15.4
15.8
16 1
8.7
9.6
9.8
9 4
2415
2416
2423
Egg-100-33
EgK-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
0.9871
() '.'xx:,
0.9873
0 9876
197
195
191
194
0.991
0.909
0.991
11888
19915
13520
15108
10875
IxixT
12317
9922
16372
11243
953
1715
1073
273
445
281
333
19.7
20.5
18.0
19.4
12.9
13.3
11 >
12.7
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg- 135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
0.9466
0.9485
0.9466
0 9472
235
215
242
231
0.962
0.963
0.962
13882
14996
Moon
14293
12666
13684
12767
11514
12564
11645
1152
1120
1121
1001
1014
1067
1027
16.1
15.3
15.4
15 6
9.7
9.5
9.3
9 5
2417
2418
2419'
Lump- 100-33
Lump- 100-33
Lump-100-33
Average
0.9882
I) '..Mil
0.9852
0 9865
199
199
199
199
O.'.I'.IJ
0.990
0.989
13753
20537
13344
15878
12470
lx.-,ox
12060
11243
16727
10661
1227
1781
1400
285
:;'.H;
312
331
20.0
19.5
18.8
19 4
12.6
12.3
11.5
12 1
2425
2427
2428
2442
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Average
0.9440
0.9490
0.9442
0.9439
0 9453
221
207
230
243
225
0.960
() ••«;:{
0.960
0.960
7499
11775
14122
15279
12169
6850
10700
12816
13902
6247
9617
11566
12481
603
1083
1250
1421
545
903
958
1189
899
15.1
14.0
14.7
15.4
14 8
9.3
7.9
8.7
9.0
8.7
2430
2434
2435
2in.S.-100-33
2in.S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
Average
0.9803
0.9668
0.9714
0.9728
203
204
198
202
0.986
0.976
0.979
10000
11950
3822
8591
9054
10826
3478
7991
9595
3073
1063
1231
404
825
1058
360
748
17.4
18.3
18.1
17.9
10.3
10.7
10.7
10.6
2436
2437
2 in. S.-135-55
2 in. S.-135-55
Average
0.9442
0.9439
0.9441
263
265
264
0.960
0.960
11556
13254
12405
10491
12041
9297
10570
1194
1471
1521
1975
1748
17.1
15.0
16.1
9.4
7.9
9.3
2431
2432
2433
lJin.S.-100-33
Hin.S.-100-33
liin.S.-100-33
Average
0.9794
0.9801
0.9681
0 9759
210
211
193
205
0.985
0.986
0.977
7635
7813
13218
9555
6998
7129
12087
6281
6276
10750
718
853
1336
1023
1029
1430
1161
17.1
18.7
18.5
18 1
9.6
10.3
10.5
10 1
2440
2441
Hin.S.-135-55
lJin.S.-135-55
Average
0.9442
0.9437
0.9440
232
256
244
0.960
0.960
14000
137.50
13875
12730
122to
11234
10663
1497
1612
2269
2185
2227
14.6
14.8
14 7
7.5
7.4
7.5
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
77
TABLE 15
COAL, CINDERS, ASH, SMOKE AND HUMIDITY
TEST
NUM-
BER
Laboratory
Designation
Stack
Cinder
Loss
Per Cent
of Total
Coal as
Fired
Stack
Cinder
Loss
Per Cent
of Total
Dry
Coal
Fired
Ash from Ash Pan
Smoke
Per
Cent of
Black-
ness by
Ringel-
mann
Chart
Humid-
ity
Mois-
ture
per Ib.
of Dry
Airlb.
Total
Ib.
Per
Cent
of Total
Dry
Coal
Fired
Per
Cent
of Total
Coal as
Fired
Per
Cent
of Ash
by
Analy-
sis
Code Item |®"
427
428
429
430
431
435
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
3.2
. 3.0
3.1
3.1
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.3
335
1331
587
3.2
7.2
3.8
4.7
2.9
6.7
3.5
4.4
31.1
69.3
35.2
45.2
29
31
35
32
0.016
0.015
0.020
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
9.6
8.5
8.9
9.0
10.5
9.2
9.7
9.8
1248
1272
976
6.8
7.4
7.6
7.3
6.2
6.8
7.0
6.7
62.3
72.4
68.1
67.6
59
57
38
51
0.011
0.010
0.005
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
1.8
2.2
2.1
3.0
2.3
2.0
2.4
2.3
3.2
2.5
555
381
1029
789
4.7
5.4
7.7
5.2
5.8
4.3
4.9
7.0
4.8
5.3
48.3
54.3
76.7
52.1
57.9
41
37
37
29
36
0.008
0.009
0.009
0.007
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
5.9
5.7
5.6
5.7
6.5
6.3
6.2
6.3
1037
677
865
6.1
3.6
' 6.8
5.5
5.6
3.3
6.2
5.0
62.8
38.9
72.4
58.0
58
50
49
52
0.008
0.006
0.008
2415
2416
2423
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.4
690
1155
637
6.3
6.4
5.2
6.0
5.8
5.8
4.7
5.4
72.4
67.4
59.4
66 4
1
3
18
7
0.012
0.012
0.007
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
7.2
6.8
7.6
7.2
7.9
7.4
8.4
7.9
1041
982
1009
8.2
7.2
7.9
7.8
7.5
6.6
7.2
7.1
90.4
87.7
90.0
89.4
22
38
39
33
0.009
0.010
0.008
2417
2418
2419
Lump-100-33
Lump- 100-33
Lump-100-33
Average
2.1
1.9
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.1
2.6
2.3
1017
1520
1185
8.2
8.2
9.8
8.7
7.4
7.4
8.9
7.9
82.9
85.4
84.6
84.3
3
3
7
4
0.010
0.010
0.010
2425
2427
2428 *
2442
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Average
7.3
7.7
6.8
7.8
7.4
8.0
8.4
7.5
8.6
8.1
199
1349
1008
1319
2.9
12.6
7.9
9.5
8.2
2.7
11.5
7.1
8.6
7.7
33.0
124.6
80.6
92.8
82.8
45
53
'"48"'
49
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.004
2430
2434
2435
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
Average
8.3
8.9
9.4
8.9
9.1
9.8
10.4
9.8
388
578
123
4.3
5.3
3.5
4.4
3.9
4.8
3.2
4.0
36.5
47.0
30.5
38.0
22
23
28
24
0.005
' 0.006
0.005
2436
2437
2 in. S.-135-55
2 in. S.-135-55
Average
13.2
14.9
14.1
14.5
16.4
15.5
587
637
5.6
5.3
5.5
5.1
4.8
5.0
49.2
43.3
46.3
52
58
55
0.004
0.004
2431
2432
2433
1J in. S.-100-33
H in. S.-100-33
H in. S.-100-33
Average
13.4
13.2
10.8
12.5
14.6
14.4
11.8
13.6
378
330
634
5.4
4.6
5.3
5.1
5.0
4.2
4.8
4.7
52.7
38.7
47.5
46.3
27
26
30
28
0.010
0.011
0.008
2440
2441
li in. S.-135-55
H in. S.-135-55
Average
16.2
15.9
16.1
17.8
17.8
17 8
740
453
•
5.8
3.7
4.8
5.3
3.3
4.3
49.4
28.1
38 8
52
62
57
0.004
0.004
78
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 16
COAL ANALYSIS
TEST
NUM-
BER
Laboratory
Designation
Proximate Analysis — Coal as Fired
Cal-
orific
Value
per Ib.
of Coal
as
Fired
B.t.u.
Ultimate Analysis
Coal as Fired
Fixed
Car-
bon,
Per
Cent
Vola-
tile
Mat-
ter,
Per
Cent
Mois-
ture,
Per
Cent
Ash,
Per
Cent
Sul-
phur
Sep-
arately
Deter-
mined,
Per
Cent
Car-
bon,
Per
Cent
Hy-
dro-
f£
Cent
Ni-
tro-
Kf
Cent
Oxy-
W
Cent
Code*—
Item
437
438
440
441
442
443
449
450
451
452
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
48.08
48.51
46.96
47.85
34.32
34.05
35.16
34.51
8.13
7.84
8.07
8.01
9.47
9.60
9.81
9.63
0.93
0.95
0.98
0.95
11929
11992
11885
11935
66.90
67.01
66.62
66.84
4.29
4.30
4.28
4.29
1.56
1.56
1.55
1.56
8.73
8.74
8.69
8.72
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
47.83
48.56
47.55
47.98
33.90
33.85
33.81
33.85
8.26
8.16
8.40
..8.27
10.01
9.43
10.24
9.89
0.81
0.92
1.09
0.94
11752
11876
11806
11811
66.44
06.91
65.91
66.42
4.26
4.29
4.23
4.26
.55
.56
.53
.55
8.67
8.73
8.60
8.67
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
47.10
47.14
46.50
48.69
47.36
35.51
35.12
35.91
34.39
34.23
8.51
8.75
8.48
7.64
8.35
8.88
8.99
9.11
9.28
9.07
0.83
1.01
0.85
0.82
0.88
12002
11956
11918
11992
11967
67.60
67.16
67.42
us! (MI
67.55
4.37
4.34
4.36
4.39
4.37
.38
.37
.38
.39
.38
8.43
8.38
s -n
s.-ls
8.43
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
48.28
48.01
48.20
48.16
33.99
34.62
34.28
34.30
8.89
9.00
8.91
8.93
8.84
8.37
8.61
8.61
0.86
0.92
0.87
0.88
11918
11990
11923
11944
67.29
67.54
87.4C
67.43
4.35
4.36
4.36
4.36
.38
.38
.38
.38
8.39
8.42
8.41
8.41
2415
2416
2423
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
47.89
48.34
48.39
48.21
35.57
33.87
34.77
34.74
8.52
9.18
8.90
8.87
8.02
8.61
7.94
8.19
1.29
0.93
0.73
0.98
12143
11918
12100
12054
68.18
67.45
68.40
68.01
4.49
4.45
4.51
4.48
.50
.49
.51
.50
7.99
7.90
8.01
7.97
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
48.65
49.24
48.83
48.91
34.29
34.54
34.35
34 39
8.76
8.75
8.81
8.77
8.30
7.47
8.01
7.93
0.86
0.92
0.91
0 90
12042
12175
12049
12089
68.11
•is 7«;
68.27
68.38
4.49
4.53
4.50
4.51
.50
.52
.51
.51
7.98
8.05
8.00
8.01
2417
2418
2419
Lump- 100-33
Lump-100-33
Lump- 100-33
Average
46.84
46.36
46.54
46 58
34.91
35.09
33.35
34.45
9.33
9.88
9.62
9.61
8.92
8.67
10.49
9.36
1.06
0.83
1.00
0.96
11826
11794
11601
11740
66.26
66.21
64.78
65.75
4.22
4.22
4.13
4.19.
.48
.48
. :8
8.72
8.72
8.53
8 66
2425
2427
2428
2442
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Average
48.06
47.66
46.38
48.58
47.67
35.24
34.01
35.52
33.11
34.47
8.66
9.13
9.25
9.01
9.01
8.04
9.20
8.85
9.30
8.85
0.93
0.89
0.82
0.64
0.82
12062
11776
11853
11806
11874
67.64
66.34
66.58
66.56
66.78
4.31
4.22
4.24
4.24
4.25
.52
.49
.49
.49
.50
8.90
8.73
8.76
8.76
8.79
2430
2434
2435
2in.S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
2in.S.-100-33
Average
47.98
48.12
48.33
48.14
31.93
32.17
32.08
32.06
9.46
9.41
9.01
9.29
10.63
10.30
10.58
10.50
0.84
0.89
0.74
0.82
11542
11579
11565
11562
65.54
65.81
66.04
65.80
4.42
4.44
4.45
4.44
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.48
7.64
7.67
7.70
7.67
2436
2437
2 in. S.-135-55
2 in. S.-135-55
Average
48.70
47.45
48.05
31.75
32.30
32.03
9.22
9.15
9.19
10.33
11.10
10.72
0.79
0.97
0.88
11592
11470
11531
66.03
65.30
65.67
4.45
4.40
4.43
1.48
1.47
1.48
7.70
7.61
7 66
2431
2432
2433
Uin.S.-100-33
Uin.S.-100-33
liin.S.-100-33
Average
48.65
48.13
48.49
48.42
33.61
32.20
32.84
32.88
8.34
8.75
8.56
8.55
9.40
10.92
10.11
10.14
0.99
1.07
0.90
0.99
11851
11543
11698
11697
67.06
65.40
66.36
66.27
4.45
4.34
4.41
4.40
1.46
1.43
1.45
1.45
8.30
8.09
8.21
8.20
2440
2441
lJin.S.-135-55
liin.S.-135-55
Average
47.85
46.91
47.38
32.39
30.64
31.52
9.07
10.73
9.90
10.69
11.72
11.21
0.97
0.91
0.94
11542
11151
11347
65.41
63.24
64.33
4.34
4.20
4.27
1.43
1.38
1.41
8.09
7.82
7.96
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
79
TABLE 17
CALORIFIC VALUE OF COAL AND CINDERS, ANALYSIS OF FRONT-END GASES
TEST
NUM-
BER
Laboratory
Designation
Calorific Value B.t.u.
per Ib.
Analysis of Front End Gases —
per cent
Dry
Coal
Com-
bus-
tible
Stack
Cin-
ders
Ash
Oxy-
gen
02
Car-
bon
Mon-
oxide
CO
Car-
bon
Diox-
ide
CO 2
Ni-
tro-
K
Hy-
dro-
E
Meth-
ane
CH4
Code.-sa-
Item ^^
458
459
462
463
466
467
468
469
470
471
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
12983
13012
12929
12975
14476
14526
14474
8399
8563
8570
8511
3488
3141
2695
3108
6.47
6.32
5.55
6.11
0.095
0.148
0.220
0.154
12.52
12.53
13.21
12.75
80.95
81.02
81.02
81.00
0.020
0.009
0.000
0.010
0.005
0.003
0.015
0.008
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
12811
12933
12888
12877
14380
14414
14510
11081
11030
10921
11011
3935
3852
4410
4066
2.79
2.15
3.70
2.88
0.601
1.100
0.307
0.669
15.19
14.71
14.54
14.81
81.26
82.00
81.38
81.55
0.093
0.020
0.033
0.049
0.068
0.020
0.033
0.040
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
13118
13102
13023
12983
13057
14528
14535
14461
14434
8023
7585
8231
8458
8074
2633
3204
2187
1985
2502
4.59
4.28
4.11
4.03
4.25
0.440
0.476
0.376
0.420
0.428
13.98
14.22
14.45
14.44
14.27
80.89
80.92
80.97
80.99
80.94
0.070
0.047
0.058
0.087
0.066
0.035
0.053
0.034
0.033
0.039
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
13081
13176
13090
13116
14485
14512
14456
10728
10822
10634
10728
3416
3184
3409
3336
1.85
2.41
2.09
2.12
1 . 575
0.610
0.645
0.943
15.65
15.34
15.09
15.36
80.54
81.00
81.94
81.16
0.180
0.265
0.155
0.200
0.205
0.190
0.040
0.145
2415
2416
2423
i
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
13273
13122
13282
13226
14549
14495
14551
7987
7999
8329
8105
3173
3357
3827
3452
6.85
7.12
5.09
6.35
0.200
0.118
0.184
0.167
12.21
11.85
13.53
12.53
80.69
80.92
81.18
80.93
0.028
0.002
0.008
0.013
0.028
0.000
0.010
0.013
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
13198
13345
13214
13252
14519
14535
14486
10771
11234
10584
10863
4651
3343
4426
4140
2.91
2.43
2.65
2.66
0.390
0.400
0.450
0.413
15.01
15.71
15.53
15.42
81.64
81.30
81.27
81.40
0.035
0.112
0.060
0.069
0.025
0.040
0.040
0.035
2417
2418
2419
Lump -100-33
Lump -100-33
Lump -100-33
Average
13043
13086
12836
12988
14467
14479
14521
7713
7574
7106
7464
3469
3598
3436
3501
6.94
6.49
5.88
6.44
0.112
0.102
0.170
0.128
12.16
12.50
12.90
12.52
80.78
80.92
80.98
80.89
0.002
0.003
0.015
0.007
0.008
0.002
0.010
0.007
2425
2427
2428
2442
Lump -135-55
Lump -135-55
Lump -135-55
Lump -135-55
Average
13205
12958
13061
12974
13050
14479
14418
14472
14450
10917
10849
10829
10415
10753
3487
4869
4297
4527
4295
2.39
0.90
1.57
2.67
1.88
0.695
1.630
0.865
0.343
0.883
15.61
15.96
15.89
15.66
15.78
81.07
80.94
81.48
81.26
81.19
0.140
0.350
0.140
0.038
0.167
0.110
0.203
0.060
0.033
0.102
2430
2434
2435
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.- 100-33
2in.S.-100-33
Average
12748
12782
12710
12747
14443
14422
14382
9407
9569
9113
9363
3674
3710
3677
3687
5.01
5.40
5.25
5.22
0.330
0.157
0.280
0.256
13.74
13.28
13.34
13.45
80.81
81.14
81.12
81.02
0.057
0.003
0.010
0.023
0.043
0.013
0.000
0.019
2436
2437
2 in. S.-135-55
2in.S.-135-55
Average
12769
12625
12697
14409
14382
10611
11018
10815
4343
4021
4182
4.25
2.08
3.17
0.503
0.650
0.577
13.88
15.76
14.82
81.20
81.33
81.27
0.073
0.137
0.105
0.073
0.057
0.065
2431
2432
2433
liin.S.-100-33
Uin.S.-100-33
liin.S.-100-33
Average
12929
12650
12793
12791
14407
14371
14384
10505
10157
10784
10482
4109
4504
4252
4288
4.90
5.67
5.50
5.36
0.340
0.227
0.228
0.265
13.97
12.91
13.05
13.31
80.80
81.17
81.19
81.05
0.000
0.017
0.050
0.022
0.000
0.007
0.013
0.007
2440
2441
liin.S.-135-55
Uin.S. -135-55
Average
12692
12492
12592
14384
14380
10870
11203
11037
3838
4469
4154
2.11
1.92
2.02
1.380
0.760
1.070
15.37
15.86
15.62
80.42
81.15
80.79
0.313
0.177
0.245
0.443
0.137
0.290
80
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 18
WATER AND DRAWBAR PULL
WATER
TEST
NUM-
BER
Laboratory
Designation
Delivered
to Boiler
by
Injectors
Ib.
Weight of
Water in
Boiler at
Start of
Test
Minus
Wefebt
in Boiler
at Close
of Test, Ib.
Correction
for
Change of
Water
Level and
Steam
Pressure
in Boiler,
Start to
Close, Ib.
Loss
from
Boiler
Ib.
Loss
from
Boiler
Cor-
rected
Ib.
Presum-
ably
Evapor-
ated
Ib.
Drawbar
Pull
Ib.
Dode Item|y
476
477
478
479
480
481
487
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
80868
141151
119334
• • •
+ 1110
—1110
+ 220
+ 794
— 791
+ 157
0
0
0
0
0
0
81662
140360
119491
113838
21970
21727
21822
21840
2405
2406
2429
M. R.- 135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
113133
112494
80329
-1-2060
f ir.ii
+2640
+ 1377
+ 114
+1860
0
0
172
0
0
121
114510
112608
sjutix
103062
28771
2X7 IS
28672
28720
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
ssMU'l
54574
99995
111980
0
0
0
+ 180
— 110
— 22
— 43
+ 128
0
325
75
495
0
232
54
353
87899
54820
886M
111755
88468
L'lM'.HI
22411
22417
22640
22490
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
1 1 _>M:<
127417
83950
+2950
+ 1380
+ 880
+ 1856
+ 973
+ 573
160
180
120
113
127
85
114576
128263
84438
109092
88968
29100
29128
29062
2415
2416
2423
Egg- 100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg- 100-33
Average
84089
139492
96044
0
0
+ 180
0
— 325
+ 128
315
525
800
225
878
257
83864
i:ts7<»L>
95915
106190
2284
23115
22533
22829
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg- 135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
M.V.I)
91315
83485
+2740
._.,_>(,
+3320
+ 1920
- lTi'7
+2330
120
130
120
85
92
85
86385
98980
85730
88348
L".MM»;
29030
29104
29060
2417
2418
2419
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Average
96335
138919
89522
— 590
+ 340
0
— 422
+ 220
0
360
525
330
257
375
236
95656
i:i.s7i'.-i
V.C'Sti
107902
23026
23085
22983
23031
2425
2427
2428
2442
Lump- 135-55
Lump- 135-55
Lump- 135-55
Lump- 135-55
Average
41743
60757
77730
89495
+1610
+3860
+3130
+ 740
+ 1136
+2689
+2125
+ 543
60
135
165
90
42
96
116
63
42837
63300
79739
89975
68963
28530
27909
28441
29266
28537
2430
2434
2435
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
Average
63153
74750
24008
+ 350
+M)70
+ 500
+ 293
+ 759
+ 376
150
141
45
107
100
32
63339
75409
24342
54363
22906
23091
23268
23088
2436
2437
2 in. S.-135-55
2 in. S.-135-55
Average
557.54
66936
+ 1976
—1040
+1392
— 732
60
68
42
48
57104
66156
61630
27976
28938
28457
2431
2432
2433
11 in. S.-100-33
liin. S.-100-33
li in. S.-100-33
Average
43907
44696
76873
+ 360
+2250
+ 940
+ 257
+1585
+ 689
105
110
180
75
79
128
44089
46202
77434
55908
22332
22912
22588
22611
2440
2441
liin. S.-135-55
It in. S.-135-55
Average
64217
65872
+ 980
+ 300
+ 725
+ 211
68
68
48
48
64894
66035
65465
29061
29392
29227
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
81
TABLE 19
BOILER PERFORMANCE — COAL AND EVAPORATION
TEST
NUM-
BER
Laboratory
Designation
Coal as Fired
Ib.
Dry Coal
Fired— Ib.
Evaporation
Super-
Heated
Steam
to
Engine
Hour
Ib.
Per
Hour
Per
Hour
per
Sq. Ft.
of
Grate
Sur-
face
Per
Hour
Per
Hour
per
Sq. Ft.
of
Grate
Sur-
face
Moist
Steam
Hour
Ib.
Superheated Steam — Ib.
Per
Hour
Per
Hour
per
Sq. Ft.
of
Heat-
ing
Surface
Per
Ib. of
Dry
Coal
Per
Ib. of
Coal
as
Fired
Code jpjg^
Item ^
626
627
633
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
3151
3183
3269
3201
45.1
45.6
46.8
45 8
2895
2934
3005
2945
41.5
42.0
43.1
42.2
22577
22340
22979
22632
22565
22328
22970
22621
4.84
4.79
4.93
4.85
7.79
7.61
7.64
7.68
7.16
7.01
7.02
7.06
22466
22257
22936
22533
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
7361
6944
7303
7203
105.5
99.5
104.6
103.2
6753
6377
6690
6607
96.8
91.4
95.9
94.7
42145
41971
42811
42309
42176
41946
42854
42325
9.05
9.00
9.20
9.08
6.24
6.58
6.41
6.41
5.73
6.04
5.87
5.88
42365
41733
43059
42386
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
3439
3347
3400
3624
3453
49.3
48.0
48.7
51.9
49.5
3146
3054
3102
3348
3163
45.1
43.8
44.4
48.0
45.3
233.34
23283
23055
24834
23627
23327
23254
23059
24808
23612
5.00
4.99
4.95
5.33
5.07
7.42
7.61
7.43
7.41
7.47
6.78
6.95
6.78
6.85
6.84
23195
23129
22962
24588
23469
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
7005
6937
6942
6961
100.4
99.4
99.5
99.8
6382
6313
6324
6340
91.4
90.4
90.6
90.8
42960
42754
42219
42644
42964
42720
42209
42631
9.22
9.17
9.06
9.15
6.73
6.77
6.67
6.72
6.13
6.16
6.08
6.12
42951
42561
42224
42579
2415
2416
2423
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
3397
3414
3380
3397
48.7
48.9
48.4
48.7
3107
3101
3079
3096
44.5
44.4
44.1
44.3
23961
23795
23979
23912
23944
23788
23970
23901
5.14
5.11
5.14
5.13
7.71
7.67
7.78
7.72
7.05
6.97
7.09
7.04
23665
23651
23774
23697
2420
2422
2424
Egg- 135-55
Egg-135-55
Egg- 135-55
Average
6941
6920
7060
6974
99.4
99.1
101.2
99.9
6333
6315
6438
6362
90.7
90.5
92.2
91.1
43193
42884
43233
43103
43219
42881
43302
43134
9.28
9.20
9.29
9.26
6.82
6.79
6.73
6.78
6.22
6.20
6.13
6.18
43393
42953
43581
43309
2417
2418
2419
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Average
3438
3521
3639
3533
49.3
50.5
52.1
50.6
3118
3173
3289
3193
44.7
45.5
47.1
45.8
23914
23790
24348
24017
23906
23778
24340
24008
5.13
5.10
5.23
5.15
7.67
7.49
7.40
7.52
6.96
6.75
6.69
6.80
23714
23570
24190
23825
2425
2427
2428
2442
Lump- 135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Average
7499
7850
7704
7640
7673
107.4
112.5
110.4
109.5
110.0
6850
7133
6992
6951
6982
98.1
102.2
100.2
99.6
100.0
42837
42200
43502
44988
43382
42889
42254
44136
44910
43547
9.21
9.07
9.47
9.64
9.35
6.26
5.92
6.31
6.46
6.24
5.72
5.38
5.73
5.88
5.68
43160
42698
43892
44441
43548
2430
2434
2435
2 in. S.-100-33
2in.S.-100-33
2in.S.-100-33
Average
3821
3814
3952
3862
54.7
54.6
56.6
55.3
3460
3455
3597
3504
49.6
49.5
51.5
50.2
24203
24069
25173
24482
24122
24014
25147
24428
5.18
5.15
5.40
5.24
6.97
6.95
6.99
6.97
6.31
6.30
6.36
6.32
23516
23656
24918
24030
2436
2437
2in.S.-135-55
2in.S.-135-55
Average
8560
8836
8698
122.6
126.6
124.6
7771
8027
7899
111.3
115.0
113.2
42299
44104
43202
42287
43981
43134
9.07
9.44
9.26
5.45
5.48
5.47
4.94
4.98
4.96
42232
43376
42804
2431
2432
2433
liin.S.-100-33
Uin.S. -100-33
Uin.S. -100-33
Average
4321
4185
4264
4257
61.9
60.0
61.1
61.0
3960
3818
3899
3892
56.7
54.7
55.9
55.8
24951
24747
24979
24892
24907
24714
24933
24851
5.34
5.30
5.35
5.33
6.29
6.47
6.39
6.38
5.76
5.90
5.85
5.84
24370
24469
24514
24451
2440
2441
Uin.S.-135-55
IJin.S. -135-55
Average
9333
9167
9250
133.7
131.3
132.5
8487
8183
8335
121.6
117.2
119.5
43263
44024
43644
43186
43941
43564
9.27
9.43
9.35
5.09
5.37
5.23
4.63
4.80
4.72
42746
43478
43112
82
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 20
BOILER PERFORMANCE — EVAPORATION AND EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION
TEST
NUM-
BER
Laboratory
Designation
Steam
Used
at
Calori-
meter,
Safety
Valve,
Leaks,
etc.
Super-
heated
Steam
Loss
ifour
due to
Calori-
meter
Leaks,
Cor-
rections
etc.
Ib.
Dry
Coal
Loss
rfour
Equiv-
alent
to
Steam
Loss
Ib.
Factor
of
Evap-
oration
Equivalent Evaporation from and at
212 Degrees F.— Ib.
Per
Hour
Per
Hour,
Boiler
Ex.
elud-
ing
Super-
Heater
Per
Hour,
Sup-
er-
Heat-
er
Alone
Per
Hour,
per
Sq. Ft.
of
Total
Heat-
ing
Sur-
face
Per
Hour,
perSq.
Ft. of
Total
Heating
Surface
Ex-
cluding
Super-
Heater
Per
Hour,
per
Sq. Ft.
of
Heat-
Sur-
face
Super-
Heater
Alone
ss»-
638
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
655
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
. Average
717
202
288
+ 101
+ 78
+ 32
+ 13
+ 10
+ 4
1.319
1.319
1.314
1.317
29764
29451
30183
29799
26867
26607
27299
2897
2844
2884
6.39
6.32
6.48
6 40
7.40
7.33
7.52
2.81
2.76
2.80
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
87
685
426
—191
+199
—212
—31
+30
—33
.352
.354
.348
.361
57022
56795
57767
57196
49563
49190
49703
7459
7605
8064
12.24
12.19
12.40
12 28
13.65
13.55
13.69
7.24
7.38
7.83
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
632
613
504
1511
+122
+ 128
+ 87
+218
+ 16
+ 17
+ 12
+29
.331
:ij.x
.321
.322
.326
310-1S
3US.S1
30461
32796
31297
L'.X(NM)
27823
27597
29727
3048
8058
2864
3069
6.66
6.63
6.54
7.04
6 72
7.71
7.66
7.60
8.19
2.96
2.97
2.78
2.98
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
871
1115
383
t«l
— 8
+ 1
+23
.353
.356
.356
.365
58130
57929
57236
57765
50135
49766
49059
7995
8163
8177
12.47
12.43
12.28
12 39
13.81
13.71
13.51
7.76
7.93
7.94
2415
2416
2423
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
IJ.V.t
1537
1130
+270
+ 136
+ 184
+35
+ 18
+24
.323
.322
.321
322
31678
31448
31665
31597
2S70.-,
2x.-,:<o
28751
2973
['ins
2914
6.80
6.75
6.79
6.78
7.91
7.*l\
7.92
2.89
2.83
_' x:{
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg- 135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
505
657
:;M
—165
— 75
—292
—24
—11
— 43
.343
.333
.347
.341
58043
57160
58328
57844
50233
49960
50323
7810
7200
8005
12.46
12.27
12.52
12 42
13.84
13.76
13.86
7 . 58
6.99
7.77
2417
2418
2419
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Average
890
1778
816
+ 183
+200
+ 145
+24
+27
+20
.324
.323
.324
.324
31652
UM.-.X
32227
31779
28673
I'M.-.:*
29121
2979
3005
3106
6.79
6.75
6.92
6 82
7.90
7.84
8.02
2.89
2.92
3.02
2425
2427
2428
2442
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Average
193
570
406
1354
—284
— 436
—334
+475
^5
—74
—53
+74
.334
.327
.341
.348
.338
57214
56071
r,.s.io3
60539
58057
49691
49164
50549
52276
7523
6907
7854
8263
12.28
12.03
12.53
12.99
12 46
13.69
13.54
13.93
14.40
7.30
6.71
7.63
8.02
2430
2434
2435
2in.S.-100-33
2in.S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
Average
1961
1704
412
+611
+360
+226
+88
+52
+32
.327
.329
.323
.326
32010
31914
33270
32398
28826
2X42(1
29780
3184
3488
3490
6.87
6.85
7.14
6 95
7.94
7.83
8.20
3.09
3.39
3.39
2436
2437
2in.S.-135-55
2 in. S.-135-55
Average
711
832
+ 62
+614
+ 11
+112
.359
.360
.360
57468
59814
58641
49194
51249
8274
8565
12.33
12.84
12.59
13 . 55
14.12
8.03
8.32
, 2431
2432
i 2433
|in.S.-100-33
in.S.-100-33
in.S.-100-33
Average
1206
1262
1818
+526
+249
+418
+84
+38
+65
.329
.330
.322
.327
33102
32870
32961
32978
29692
29448
29525
3410
3422
3436
7.10
7.05
7.07
7.07
8.18
8.11
8.13
3.31
3.32
3.34
2440
2441
Hin.S.-135-55
liin.S.-135-55
Average
1079
955
+439
+457
+86
+85
.342
.355
349
57956
59540
58748
50272
51156
7684
8384
12.44
12.78
12.61
13.85
14.09
7.46
8.14
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
83
TABLE 21
BOILER PERFORMANCE — HEAT TRANSFER, EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION,
HORSE POWER AND EFFICIENCY
TEST
NUM-
BER
Laboratory
Designation
Heat
Trans-
fer
across
Water
H. S.
per
Min.
B.t.u.
Heat
Trans-
fer
across
Super-
Heater
H. S.
Min.
B.t.u.
Per Cent of
Evapor-
ation by
Equivalent Evaporation from
and at 212 degrees F.— Ib.
Boiler
Horse-
Power
Effici-
ency
Boiler
Per
Cent
Water
Heat-
ing
Sur-
face
Super-
Heat-
ing
Sur-
face
Per
Hour
per
Sq. Ft,
of
Grate
Area
Per
Ib. of
Coal
as
Fired
Per
Ib. of
Dry
Coal
Per
Ib. of
Com-
bus-
tible
Code jKgs-
Item ^
656
657
658
659
660
666
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
435096
430864
442231
436064
46917
46072
46713
46567
90.3
90.3
90.4
9.7
9.7
9.6
426.4
421.9
432.4
9.44
9.25
9.23
9.31.
10.28
10.04
10.04
.10.12
11.46
11.21
11.24
863
854
875
864
76.89
74.95
75.46
75.77
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
802652
796819
804918
801463
120811
123182
130612
124868
86.9
86.6
86.0
13.1
13.4
14.0
817.0
813.7
827.6
7.75
8.18
7.91
7.95
8.44
8.91
8.64
8.66
9.48
9.93
9.72
1653
1646
1674
1658
64.08
66.93
65.10
65.37 .
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
453535
450798
446844
481531
458177
49367
49535
46383
49709
48749
90.2
90.1
90.6
90.6
9.8
9.9
9.4
9.4
444.8
442.4
436.4
469.9
9.03
9.23
8.96
9.05
9.07
9.87
10.11
9.82
9.80
9.90
10.93
11.22
10.91
10.89
900
895
883
951
907
73.11
75.02
73.05
73.33
73.63
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
812016
806198
794562
804259
129497
132223
132443
131388
86.2
85.9
85.7
13.8
14.1
14.3
832.8
829.9
820.0
8.30
8.35
8.24
8.30
9.11
9.18
9.05
9.11
10.09
10.11
10.00
1685
1679
1659
1674
67.67
67.67
67.15
67.50
2415
2416
2423
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
464843
461940
465632
464138
48158
47263
47191
47537
90.6
90.7
90.8
9.4
9.3
9.2
453.9
450.6
453.7
9.33
9.21
9.37
9.30
10.20
10.14
10.28
10.21
11.17
11.20
11.27
918
912
918
916
74.66
75.09
75.25
75.00
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
813324
809436
814798
812519
126491
116617
129653
124254
86.5
87.4
86.3
13.5
12.6
13.7
831.6
818.9
835.7
8.36
8.26
8.26
8.29
9.16
9.05
9.06
9.09
10.08
9.86
9.93
1682
1657
1691
1677
67.46
65.92
66.61
66 66
2417
2418
2419
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Average
464290
460773
471540
465534
48258
48672
50315
49082
90.6
90.4
90.4
9.4
9.6
9.6
453.5
450.7
461.7
9.21
8.93
8.86
9.00
10.15
9.91
9.80
9.95
11.26
10.97
11.08
917
912
934
921
75.68
73.57
74.21
74.49
2425
2427
2428
2442
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Average
804835
796173
818563
846524
816524
121855
111869
127214
133841
123695
86.9
87.7
86.6
86.4
13.1
12.3
13.4
13.6
819.7
803.3
836.7
867.3
7.63
7.14
7.58
7.92
7.57
8.35
7.86
8.35
8.71
8.32
9.16
8.75
9.26
9.70
1658
1625
1693
1755
1684
61.47
58.92
62.14
65.19
61.93
2430
2434
2435
2in.S.-100-33
2in.S.-100-33
2in.S.-100-33
Average
466957
460520
482315
469931
51578
56498
56522
54866
90.1
89.1
89.5
9.9
10.9
10.5
458.6
457.2
476.7
8.38
8.37
8.42
8 39
9.25
9.24
9.25
9 25
10.48
10.42
10.47
928
925
964
939
70.55
70.24
70.75
70.51
2436
2437
2in.S.-135-55
2in.S.-135-55
Average
796631
830111
813371
134016
138731
136374
85.6
85.7
14.4
14.3
828.3
857.0
6.71
6.77
6.74
7.40
7.45
7.43
8.34
8.49
1666
1734
1700
56.25
57.35
56.80
2431
2432
2433
Uin.S.- 100-33
Hin.S.-100-33
lJin.S.-100-33
Average
480723
476916
478098
478579
55239
55422
55647
55436
89.7
89.6
89.6
10.3
10.4
10.4
474.3
470.9
472.2
7.66
7.85
7.73
7.75
8.36
8.61
8.45
8.47
9.31
9.78
9.51
959.
953
955
956
.62.81
66.08
64.21
64 37
2440
2441
Uin.S.-135-55
Uin.S.-135-55
Average
814282
828679
821481
124462
135796
130129
86.7
85.9
•
13.3
14.1
830.3
853.0
6.21
6.50
6.36
6.83
7.28
7.06
7.74
8.38
1680
1726
1703
52.28
56.64
54.46
84
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 22
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
TEST
NUM-
BER
Laboratory
Designation
Cut-Off
Per
Cent
of Stroke
Average
Least
Back-
Pressure
Ib. per
Sq. in.
Average
Met.n
Effective
Pressure
Ib. per
Sq. in.
Average
INDICATED HORSE POWER
Right Side Left Side
Total
Head
End
Crank
End
Head
End
Crank
End
Code Item ^~
678
707
708
709
710
711
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
' 34 .0 ' '
33.0
33 5
1.9
2.1
2.0
74.1
73.7
73.9
308.0
309.3
321.3
320.7
296.9
296.1
298.3
297.5
1224 . 5
1223.6
1224 1
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
54.3
53.7
55.9
54 6
11.7
12.0
12.9
12.2
96.9
95.9
97.5
96.8
531.8
528.7
529.9
567.2
562.8
572.3
529.2
527.0
546.2
529.5
533.0
542.6
2157.7
2151.5
2191.0
2166 7
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
33.0
32.4
31.5
31.7
32 2
2.1
2.6
2.3
2.7
2.4
77.9
77.8
77.2
79.6
78 1
327.9
327.6
326.6
332.7
342.0
338.2
338.3
347.1
309.0
310.6
304.9
312.7
314.7
310.1
311.1
321.2
1293 . 6
1286.5
1280.9
1313.7
1293 7
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
55 -.7
59.3
57.5
11.7
11.9
11.8
98.0
98.9
98.5
547.6
551.5
576.3
581.5
536.8
542.0
539.6
546.8
2200.3
2221.8
2211 1
2415
2416
2423
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
32.4
33.3
32.2
32.6
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.5
79.6
80.0
78.4
79.3
331.7
334.2
330.1
350.0
351.5
336.5
311.7
317.4
312.6
:;•_>(> :{
321.2
311.9
1313.7
1324.3
1291.1
1309 7
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg- 135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
57.2
58.2
56.6
57.3
13.0
13.0
12.9
13.0
97.3
97.9
98.3
97.8
540.4
552.5
547.6
571.5
580.2
585.8
536.3
688 -'
544.0
540.5
.548.4
542.6
2188.7
2214.3
2220.0
2207 7
2417
2418
2419
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Average
36.3
33.5
32.7
34.2
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.5
80.0
80.1
79.7
79.9
335.5
338.8
335.0
350.3
350.8
351.9
320.1
320.0
314.4
317.3
320.0
319.7
1323.2
1329.6
1321.0
1324.6
2425
2427
2428
2442
Lump-1 35-55
Lump-1 35-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Average
56.0
55.7
55.1
56.5
55 8
12.2
12.5
12.3
12.0
12.3
97.8
96.2
97.8
98.5
97.6
546.5
533.3
541.3
546.1
572.3
566.8
571.4
576.5
535.5
532.1
543.1
:,:•;:> 4
547.1
537.5
544.7
537.5
2201.4
2169.7
2200.5
2198.5
2192 5
2430
2434
2435
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
Average
32.6
33.6
34.9
33.7
2.5
2.8
3.0
28
78.5
80.3
82.1
80.3
328.8
337.3
352.9
:u:. .'.
345.0
360.0
313.6
321.0
331.9
317.0
311.2
320.4
1304.9
1314.5
1365.2
1328 2
2436
2437
2 in. S.-135-55
2 in. S.-135-55
Average
56.8
56.9
56.9
12.4
12.7
12.6
95.2
100.0
97.6
527.2
563.6
559.3
585.5
524.4
550.9
515.4
543.5
2126.3
2243 . 5
2184.9
2431
2432
2433
1J in. S.-100-33
li in. S.-100-33
li in. S.-100-33
Average
33.9
34.0
33.2
33.7
2.9
3.3
3.0
3.1
79.9
80.8
79.1
79.9
337.2
339.4
334.3
353.8
356.3
342.6
321.9
323.3
318.7
317.0
324.1
314.6
1329.9
1343.1
1310.2
1327.7
2440
2441
li in. S.-135-55
li in. S.-135-55
Average
58.2
55.6
56.9
11.4
12.2
11.8
99.3
99.7
99.5
544.5
550.5
580.1
587.3
546.7
544.8
544.3
549.0
2215. 6
2231.6
2223 . 6
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
85
TABLE 23
GENERAL LOCOMOTIVE PERFORMANCE
TEST
NUM-
BER
Laboratory
Designation
Consumed per
I. H. P. per
Hour
Draw-
Consumed per
D. H. P. per
Hour
Trac-
tive
Force
Based
on
M.E.P.
Ib.
Ma-
chine
Friction
in
Terms
of
Horse-
Power
Ma-
chine
Effi-
ciency
of
Loco-
motive
Per
Cent
Effi-
ciency
of
Loco-
motive
Per
Cent
Dry
Coal
Ib.
Super-
Heated
Steam
Ib.
bar
Horse-
Power
Dry
Coal
Ib.
Super-
Heated
Steam
Ib.
Code Item |=fiP~
734
740
743
744
747
764
770
778
779
-2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
'2:39'
2.46
2.43
'is', is'
18.74
18.46
1108.6
1095.2
1104.6
1102.8
2.60
2.67
2.72
2.66
20.27
20.32
20.76
20.45
24288'
24166
24277
i29i3'
119.0
124 2
'89!4'
90.3
89.9
7.55
7.33
7.25
7.38
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
3.14
2.95
3.07
3.05
19.63
19.40
19.65
19.56
1954.4
1963.8
1965.2
1961 1
3.48
3.23
3.42
3.38
21.68
21.25
21.91
21.61
31766
31457
31962
31728
203.3
187.7
225.8
205.6
90.6
91.3
89.7
90.5
5.72
6.09
5.78
5.86
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut- 100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
2.42
2.36
2.41
2.53
2.43
17.93
17.98
17.93
18.72
18.14
1138.4
1129.7
1133.5
1139.9
1135.4
2.75
2.69
2.73
2.91
2.77
20.38
20.47
20.26
21.57
20.67
25563
25524
25333
26088
25627
155.2
156.8
147.4
173.8
158.3
88.0
87.8
88.5
86.8
87.8
7.07
7.24
7.16
6.73
7 05
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
'2!86'
2.85
2.86
i<K34'
19.00
19.17
1988 . 7
1993.0
1994.9
1992.2
3.21
3.16
3.17
3.18
21.60
21.36
21.17
21.38
6.07
6.12
6.14
6.11
32134
32438
32286
207.3
226.9
217.1
90.6
89.8
90.2
2415
2416
2423
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
2.34
2.33
2.36
2.34
18.01
17.86
18.41
18.09
1150.1
1167.6
1131.0
1149.6
2.67
2.64
2.70
2.67
20.58
20.26
21.02
20.62
26091
26208
25725
26008
163.6
156.7
160.1
160.1
87.6
88.2
87.6
87.8
7.19
7.34
7.10
7.21
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
2.90
2.86
2.92
2.89
19.83
19.40
19.63
19.62
1991.6
2001.4
2003.4
1998.8
3.19
3.17
3.23
3.20
21.79
21.46
21.75
21.67
31922
32123
32256
32100
197.1
212.9
216.6
208.9
91.0
90.4
90.2
90.5
6.04
6.03
5.96
6.01
2417
2418
2419
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Average
2.34
2.37
2.48
2.40
17.92
17.73
18.31
17.99
1160.7
1168.6
1162.2
1163.8
2.67
2.70
2.81
2.73
20.43
20.17
20.81
20.47
26257
26257
26116
26210
162.5
161.0
155.8
159.8
87.7
87.9
88.0
87.9
7.31
7.22
7.05
7 19
2425
2427
2428
2442
L/ump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Lump-135-55
Average
3.13
3.32
3.20
3.14
3.20
19.61
19.68
19.95
20.24
19.87
1957 . 8
1919.6
1963.8
1989 . 6
1957.7
3.52
3.76
3.59
3.45
3.58
22.05
22.24
22.35
22.34
22.25
32076
31554
31869
32339
31960
243.6
250.1
236.7
208.9
234 8
88.9
88.5
89.2
90.5
89.3
5.47
5.23
5.44
5.68
5.46
2430
2434
2435
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
Average
2.58
2.59
2.61
2.59
18.02
18.00
18.25
18.09
1160.7
1152.2
1179.1
1164.0
2.90
2.96
3.02
2.36
20.26
20.53
21.13
20.64
25743
26342
26932
26339
144.2
162.3
186.1
164.2
89.0
87.7
86.4
87.7
6.88
6.74
6.63
6 75
2436
2437
2 in. S.-135-55
2 in. S.-135-55
Averag
3.64
3.53
3.59
19.86
19.33
19.60
1905.6
1980.4
1943.0
4.07
3.99
4.03
22.16
21.90
22.03
31207
32780
31994
220.7
263.1
241.9
89.6
88.3
89.0
4.90
5.05
4.98
2431
2432
2433
1J in. S.-100-3
H in. S.-100-3
11 in. S.-100-3
Averag
2.92
2.81
2.93
2.89
18.32
18.22
18.71
18.42
1133.4
1161.6
1141.0
1145.3
3.42
3.26
3.36
3.35
21.50
21.06
21.48
21.35
26213
26498
25937
26216
196.5
181.5
169.2
182.4
85.2
86.5
87.1
86.3
5.77
6.18
5.92
5.96
2440
2441
H in. S.-135-5
1J in. S.-135-5
Averag
3.79
3.63
3.71
19.29
19.48
19 39
1977.2
2006 . 7
1992.0
4.25
4.04
4.15
21.62
21.67
21.65
32568
32682
32625
238.4
224.9
231.7
89.2
89.9
89.6
4.73
5.05
4.89
86
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 24
ANALYSIS OF ASH AND STACK CINDERS
TEST
NUM-
BER
Laboratory
Designation
ANALYSIS OF ASH
ANALYSIS OF STACK CINDERS
Fixed
Carbon,
Per
Cent
Vola-
tile
Matter,
Per
Cent
Ash,
Per
Cent
Mois-
ture,
Per
Cent
Fixed
Carbon,
Per
Cent
Vola-
tile
Matter,
Per
Cent
Ash,
Per
Cent
Mois-
ture,
Per
Cent
Code Item gP~
832
833
847
848
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
19.92
18.30
15.42
17.88
4.63
2.75
3.16
3.51
74.11
78.85
81.07
78.01
1.34
0.10
0.35
0.60
53.88
55.49
55.47
54.96
4.87
4.28
4.05
4.40
40.27
39.48
39.78
39 84
0.98
0.75
0.70
0.81
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
24.48
25.34
27.83
25 88
3.34
2.11
3.35
2.93
71.92
71.77
67.97
70.55
0.26
0.78
0.85
0.63
73.75
73.86
72.91
73 51
4.08
2.91
3.37
3.45
21.98
22.80
23.47
22.76
0.19
0.43
0.25
0.29
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
16.64
21.25
14.03
13.65
16.39
2.26
2.50
2.08
1.70
2.14
76.82
73.68
82.56
77.29
77.59
4.28
2.57
1.33
7.36
3 89
51.75
48.87
52.04
56.35
62.25
4.73
4.47
5.57
3.55
4.58
42.27
42.69
40.94
39.08
41.25
1.25
3.97
1.45
1.02
1.92
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
21.86
21.35
22.43
21.88
1.50
1.83
1.45
1.59
76.39
75.32
75.92
75.88
0.25
1.50
0.20
0.65
74.99
73.36
71.77
73 37
1.87
2.15
2.80
2.27
23.02
24.37
25.39
24.26
0.12
0.12
0.04
0 09
2415
2416
2423
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
19.88
21.28
24.21
21.79
2.51
2.62
2.70
2.61
77.26
73.93
72.38
74.52
0.35
2.17
0.71
1.08
51.03
52.30
55.04
62.79
4.10
4.33
3.94
4.12
44.84
43.00
39.13
42.32
0.03
0.37
1.89
0.76
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg- 135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
31.55
22.16
28.48
27.40
2.00
1.32
2.27
1.86
66.23
76.26
69.20
70.56
0.22
0.26
0.05
0.18
74.44
77.32
71.82
74 53
2.67
2.04
3.31
2.67
22.78
20.60
24.70
22.69
0.11
0.04
0.17
0.11
2417
2418
2419
..ump- 100-33
jump-100-33
Lump-100-33
Average
22.39
21.64
21.31
21.78
1.95
4.14
2.88
2 99
75.55
72.54
74.06
74 05
0.11
1.68
1.75
1.18
48.94
48.27
44.59
47.27
5.02
4.88
5.11
5.00
45.49
46.26
48.59
46 78
0.55
0.59
1.71
0.95
2425
2427
2428
2442
..ump- 135-55
jump-135-55
jump-135-55
jump-135-55
Average
22.45
32.52
28.99
29.61
28 39
2.39
1.42
1.38
2.38
1.89
67.76
65.98
i-,'.» 88
66.77
67 52
7.40
0.08
0.06
1.24
2.19
73.00
73.56
73.61
69.58
72.44
2.84
2.88
2.26
3.22
2 80
24.05
23.28
23.93
26.92
24.55
0.11
0.28
0.20
0.28
0.22
2430
2434
2435
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
Average
20.33
19.71
19.30
19.78
5.64
6.52
6.69
6.28
65.86
71.22
57.81
64 96
8.17
2.55
16.20
8.97
61.08
61.57
58.19
60.28
5.43
5.85
6.24
5.84
32.37
31.75
34.14
32.75
1.12
0.83
1.43
1.13
2436
2437
2 in. S.-135-55
2 in. S.-135-55
Average
26.39
23.16
24.78
21.38
21.66
23.01
22.02
4.31
5.26
4.79
68.14
70.09
69.12
1.16
1.49
1.33
66.06
63.32
64 69
8.14
13.67
10.91
25.64
19.88
22.76
0.16
3.13
1.65
2431
2432
2433
!in. S.-100-33
in. S.-100-33
in. S.-100-33
Average
7.66
10.17
7.04
8.29
69.41
61.67
67.85
66 31
1.55
6.50
2.10
3.38
65.98
63.95
69.86
66 60
7.13
7.06
5.90
6 70
26.44
28.48
23.75
26.22
0.45
0.51
0.49
0.48
2440
2441
} in. S.-135-55
1 in. S.-135-55
Average
21.23
24.50
22.87
5.89
7.09
6.49
69.56
66.24
67.90
3.32
2.17
2.75
67 . 35
69.57
68.46
8.54
8.47
8.51
23.87
21.50
22.69
0.24
0.46
0.35
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
87
TABLE 25
HEAT BALANCE — BRITISH THERMAL UNITS
TEST
NUM-
BER
Laboratory
Designation
B.t.u.
Ab-
sorbed
by
Boiler
per Ib.
of
Coal
as
Fired
B.t.w. Loss PER POUND OF COAL AS FIRED
Due
to
Mois-
ture
in
Coal
Due
to
Mois-
ture
in
Air
Due
to
Hy-
dro-
gen
in
Coal
Due
to
Es-
cap-
ing
Gases
Due to Incomplete
Combustion
Due
to
Com-
Due
to
Com-
bus-
tible
in
Ash
Due
to
Radi-
ation,
and
Unac-
count-
ed
for
CO
H2
CH
bus-
tible
in
Stack
Cin-
ders
Code j-ss-
Item ^
851
852
853
854
855
858
860
869
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
9173
8988
8969
9043
102
99
102
101
42
41
52
45
483
487
482
484
1419
1408
1331
1386
49
76
107
77
11
5
0
5
8
5
23
12
265
254
267
262
103
209
93
135
275
421
460
385
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
7531
7949
7686
7722
109
108
112
110
25
24
13
21
487
506
498
497
1239
1286
1342
1289
222
416
120
253
35
8
14
19
78
24
40
47
1067
934
973
991
246
263
307
272
714
358
701
591
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-1 00-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
8775
8969
8706
8794
8811
112
114
110
99
109
23
24
24
18
42
503
498
497
499
499
1505
1430
1367
1355
1414
204
214
168
189
194
33
20
27
39
30
51
74
47
46
55
146
164
174
250
184
113
156
153
96
130
539
292
646
608
521
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
8065
8114
8007
8062
117
119
118
118
17
16
21
18
475
471
504
483
1199
1336
1384
1306
568
241
258
356
66
106
63
78
230
234
50
171
633
619
598
617
190
104
212
169
358
630
707
565
2415
2416
2423
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
9066
8949
9105
9040
109
117
115
114
36
35
18
30
506
512
521
513
1526
1564
1437
1509
108
66
90
88
16
0
5
7
47
0
15
21
184
178
173
178
184
195
180
186
362
301
440
368
2420
2422
2424
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
8123
8026
8026
8058
114
116
117
116
22
25
20
22
520
526
527
524
1259
1355
1324
1313
178
157
173
169
14
44
23
27
31
49
48
43
777
759
807
781
349
219
319
296
656
899
665
740
2417
2418
2419
Lump -100-33
Lump -100-33
Lump -100-33
Average
8949
8677
8609
8745
120
127
128
125
29
29
27
28
486
482
493
487
1519
1480
1411
1470
59
52
82
64
0
3
7
3
13
3
15
10
160
146
166
157
256
266
305
276
236
529
358
374
2425
2427
2428
2442
Lump -135-55
Lump -135-55
Lump -135-55
Lump -135-55
Average
7414
6938
7366
7696
7354
115
121
124
120
120
16
12
13
10
13
489
499
493
502
496
1309
1115
1274
1305
1251
266
530
311
127
309
54
12
51
15
33
131
21
67
38
64
794
831
734
810
792
92
558
307
391
337
1382
1139
1113
792
1107
2430
2434
2435
2in.S.-100-33
2 in. S.-100-33
2in.S.-100-33
Average
8143
8133
8182
8153
122
121
115
119
13
15
11
13
500
513
512
508
1252
•1303
1283
1279
141
70
124
112
24
2
4
10
57
18
0
25
776
847
858
827
143
180
118
147
372
378
357
369
2436
2437
2in.S.-135-55
2in.S.-135-55
Average
6520
6578
6549
124
122
123
11
9
10
520
514
517
1357
1150
1254
195
212
204
29
45
37
88
58
73
1396
1642
1519
221
193
207
1131
946
1039
2431
2432
2433
Hin.S.-100-33
Uin.S.-100-33
Uin.S.-100-33
Average
7443
7628
7511
7527
107
111
110
109
21
25
19
22
513
492
502
502
1160
1180
1252
1197
136
97
100
111
0
6
22
9
0
9
18
9
1408
1337
1167
1304
203
190
204
199
860
468
793
707
2440
2441
liin.S. -135-55
lJin.S.-135-55
Average
6034
6316
6175
122
144
133
8
8
8
451
480
466
1082
1082
1082
424
231
328
98
54
76
423
129
276
1762
1780
1771
203
147
175
934
780
857
88
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 26
HEAT BALANCE — PERCENTAGE
TEST
NUM-
BER
PER CENT OF HEAT OF COAL AS FIRED
Laboratory'
Designation
Ab-
sorbed
by
Boiler
To
Mois-
ture
in
Coal
To
Mois-
ture
in
Air
To
Hy-
dro-
gen
in
Coal
To
Es-
cap-
ing
Gases
To Incomplete
Combustion
To
Com-
bus-
tible
in
Stack
Cin-
ders
To
Com-
bus-
tible
in
Ash
To
Radi-
ation
and
Unac-
count-
ed
for
CO
«2
CH4
Codecs-
Item ^
881
882
883
884
885
888
890
899
2400
2401
2402
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
M. R.-100-33
Average
76.9
75.0
75.5
75.8
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.1
11.9
11.7
11.2
11.6
0.4
0.6
0.9
0.6
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.1
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
0.9
1.7
0.8
1.1
2.2
3.7
3.8
3.2
2405
2406
2429
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
Average
64.1
66.9
65.1
65 4
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
4.1
43
4.2
4.2
10.5
10.8
11.4
10.9
1.9
3.5
1.0
2.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.3
0.4
9.1
7.9
8.2
8.4
2.1
2.2
2.6
2.3
6.1
3.0
6.0
5.0
2408
2409
2410
2426
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Nut-100-33
Average
73.1
75.0
73.1
73.3
73.6
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
02
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.3
1.7
1.8
1.4
1.6
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.4
1.2
1.4
1.5
2.1
0.9
1.3
1.3
0.8
4.6
2.3
5.3
5.1
2412
2413
2414
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Nut-135-55
Average
67.7
67.7
67.2
67.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
4.0
3.9
4.2
4.0
10.1
11.1
11.6
10.9
4.8
2.0
2.2
3.0
0.6
0.9
0.5
1.9
2.0
0.4
5.3
5.2
5.0
1.6
0.9
1.8
2.9
5.2
5.9
2415
2416
2423
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Average
74.7
75.1
75.3
75.0
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.3
12.6
13.1
11.9
12 6
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
2.9
2.5
3.6
3.0
2420
2422
2424
Egg-1 35-55
Egg- 135-55
Egg-135-55
Average
67.5
65.9
66.6
66.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
02
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.3
10.4
11.1
11.0
10.8
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
6.5
6.2
6.7
6.5
2.9
1.8
2.7
2.6
5.3
7.4
5.4
6 0
2417
2418
2419
Lump -100-33
Lump -100-33
Lump -100-33
Average
75.7
73.6
74.2
74.5
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.1
12.8
12.5
12.2
12.5
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.3
2.2
2.3
2.6
2.4
2.0
4.6
3.2
33
2425
2427
2428
2442
Lump -135-55
Lump -135-55
Lump -135-55
Lump -135-55
• Average
61.5
58.9
62.1
63.2
61 9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.3
4.2
10.9
9.5
10.8
1,1.0
10.6
2.2
4.5
2.6
1.1
2.6
0.5
0.1
0.4
0.1
03
1.1
0.2
0.6
0.3
06
6.6
7.1
6.2
6.9
6.7
0.8
4.7
2.6
3.3
29
11.2
9.7
9.4
6.7
9.3
2430
2434
2435
2in.S.-100-33
2in.S.-100-33
2in.S.-100-33
Average
70.6
70.2
70.8
70 5
.1
.1
.0
.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
4.3
4.4
4.4
44
10.8
11.3
11.1
11.1
1.2
0.6
1.1
1.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.2
6.7
7.3
7.4
7.1
1.2
1.6
1.0
1.3
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.2
2436
2437
2in.S.-135-5o
2 in. S.-135-55
Average
56.3
57.4
66.9
.1
.1
.1
0.1.
0.1
0.1
4.5
4.5
4.5
11.7
10.0
10.9
1.7
1.9
1.8
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.5
0.7
12.1
14.3
13 2
1.9
1.7
1.8
9.5
8.1
88
2431
2432
2433
IJin.S.- 100-33
liin.S.-100-33
liin.S.-100-33
Average
62.8
66.1
64.2
64 4
g
.0
.9
.9
0.2
0.2
0.2
02
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
9.8
10.2
10.7
10.2
1.2
0.8,
0.9
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
11.9
11.6
10.0
11.2
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.7
7.2
3.9
6.6
5.9
2440
2441
llin.S.-135-55
liin.S.-135-55
Average
52.3
56.6
54 5
.1
.3
2
0.1
0.1
0.1
3.9
4.3
4.1
9.4
9.7
9.6
3.7
2.1
2.9
0.9
0.5
0.7
3.7
1.2
2.6
15.3
16.0
15.7
1.8
1.3
1.6
7.8
6.9
7.4
TESTS OP ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
89
STEAM 2OO-
PRESSURE19O-*
180-
IL CD 19OO-
UJ y '800-
17OO-
160O-
S c
8 g
Q m
600-
5OO
?! U.Z
-Q of 90—
24-
130
1OO—20
i 3
5 70'i14
i
i
w *r
H 40-8
10 — 2
ER*
COAL
TIME
S 1
TIME ELAPSED-HRS.
3
FIG. 29. GRAPHICAL LOG FOR MEDIUM KATE TEST No. 2416
90
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
FIG. 30. GRAPHICAL LOG FOR HIGH KATE TEST No. 2405
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 91
APPENDIX IV
CYLINDER PERFORMANCE
The main purpose of the tests entailed the definition of the boiler
performance at only two rates of evaporation. This necessitated tests
under only two conditions of speed and cut-off, which presented but
little opportunity to gather data concerning the performance of the
cylinders. Indicator cards were taken during all tests, under these
conditions; but it proved impracticable to hold the locomotive for
the determination of cylinder performance at other speeds and cut-
offs, as had been originally intended. The available facts concerning
cylinder performance are presented in detail for each of the tests
in Tables 17, 21 and 22 of Appendix III, and their average values
at both combinations of speed and cut-off are stated in the following
sections. Eepresentative indicator cards are reproduced in Fig. 31,
and the data relating to them appear in Table. 27.
32. Medium Rate Tests. — All medium rate tests were run with
the reverse-lever in the second notch from the center of the quadrant,
giving a cut-off of about 33 per cent. The speed was maintained
as nearly as possible at 100 revolutions per minute, which is equiva-
lent to 19.0 miles per hour on the road.
The average indicated horse power was 1305. It varied from
1224 to 1365.
The average drawbar pull was 22640 pounds. The average indi-
cated horse power consumed in machine friction was 160.
The steam consumed per indicated horse power per hour varied
from a minimum of 17.73 pounds to a maximum of 18.74 pounds;
and the average for all medium rate tests was 18.18 pounds.
33. High Bate Tests. — All high rate tests were run with the
reverse-lever in the sixth notch from the center, giving a cut-off of
about 55 per cent. The speed was maintained as nearly as possible
at 135 revolutions per minute, which is equivalent to 25.7 miles per
hour.
The average indicated horse power was 2196. It varied from 2126
to 2243.
The average drawbar pull was 28826 pounds. The average indi-
cated horse power consumed in machine friction was 223.
The steam consumed per indicated horse power per hour varied
from a minimum of 19.00 pounds to a maximum of 20.24 pounds;
the average for all high rate tests was 19.58 pounds.
92
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
34. Variations in Power. — Despite the fact that both the reverse-
lever position and the speed were maintained constant during all
medium rate and during all high rate tests, there was during the
progress of the work considerable variation in indicated horse power in
both groups. In general the power increased as time went on. An
almost identical variation occurs in the areas of the indicator cards.
Neither the variations in water rate nor in superheat offer an adequate
explanation for these facts. It is assumed that they are due chiefly
to changes in steam distribution brought about by wear in the valve
gear.
200
- - 100
FIG. 31. EEPBESENTATIVE INDICATOR DIAGRAMS FOR BOTH THE MEDIUM
AND THE HIGH KATE TESTS
TABLE 27
INFORMATION CONCERNING THE INDICATOR DIAGRAMS SHOWN IN FIG. 37
TEST
NUM-
BER
Laboratory
Designation
Diagram
No.
Right or
Left Side
Head or
Crank End
Average
Cut-off
for
Test
Per Cent
Average Speed for Test
Miles per
Hour
Revolutions
per Minute
2416
2416
2416
2416
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
Egg-100-33
1
2
3
4
R
R
L
L
H
C
H
C
31.0
33.8
36.0
32.3
18.94
18.94
18.94
18.94
99.5
99.5
99.5
99.5
2405
2405
2405
2405
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
M. R.-135-55
5
6
7
8
R
R
L
L
H
C
H
C
49.9
58.8
55.0
53.4
25.47
25.47
25.47
25.47
133.8
133.8
133.8
133.8
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 93
APPENDIX V
COMPARISON OF LONG AND SHORT TESTS
In connection with this series of tests, the question arose as to the
desirability or necessity of running tests of such a length that the
amount of coal burned would be about the same as a freight locomo-
tive would burn in making a trip over an ordinary railroad division.
This included questions such as that concerning the relative reliability
of short tests burning from 4 to 6 tons of coal, and of longer tests
burning from 10 to 12 tons; and that of the relative performance
during the first, middle and last parts of a test burning 10 or 12 tons
of coal.
In order to determine to some extent the difference in boiler per-
formance which might occur during short and long tests and during
different parts of a test, the observations were so taken that the exact
amount of water evaporated by the boiler could be determined for
intervals corresponding to the firing of each 2000 pounds of coal dur-
ing the medium rate tests, and corresponding to the firing of each
4000 pounds of coal during the high rate tests.
For the purpose of making comparisons, six tests — three at the
medium rate and three at the high rate — have been selected and
divided into shorter tests. From Sy2 to 10% tons of coal were burned
during each of these six tests. The test data for each entire test were
divided into three parts, resulting in data for eighteen comparatively
short tests together with the data for the six original tests. With the
data and results of the 24 tests thus obtained it is possible to make
the following comparisons: First, between long and short tests;
second, between the first, middle and last portions of a given test;
and third, between the different portions and the entire test.
Table 28 presents the significant data and results for the 24 tests.
Six groups of four tests each appear in the table. In each group sec-
tions a, b and c present, respectively the first, middle, and last portion
of the entire test, developed as separate and distinct units. Immedi-
ately following the data for these three portions appear the corre-
sponding results for the entire test.
The length of the different tests is shown in Columns 3, 4, 5 and 6
of Table 28. The entire medium rate tests were approximately 6
hours long and the entire high rate tests 3 hours long. The divided
94
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
tests varied in length from about one-half hour to two and one-half
hours. From 224 to 271 pounds of coal were burned per square foot
of grate during each entire test while for the divided tests the corre-
sponding amounts vary from 52 to 115 pounds of coal per square foot
of grate. The equivalent evaporation per square foot of heating sur-
face varied for the entire tests from 33 to 40 pounds and for the
divided tests from 6 to 16 pounds. At the University of Illinois loco-
motive laboratory about 150 pounds of coal burned per square foot
of grate, or from 15 to 20 pounds of equivalent evaporation per square
foot of heating surface, have been considered as sufficient to avoid any
serious errors in test results arising from inaccuracies in coal and
water measurements.
TABLE 28
TEST CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS FOR Six TESTS, WHICH HAVE
BEEN DIVIDED INTO THREE TESTS EACH
Length of Test
Pressure
Temperature
Dry
Equiv-
Section
Coal
alent
TEST
NUMBER
RATE
AND
SIZE
of
Test
or
Entire
Test
Min-
utes
Hours
Burned
per
Sq. Ft.
of
G.-ate
During
Evapo-
ration
per
Sq.Ft.
ofH.S.
During
Speed
in
Miles
ifour
Boiler
Gauge
Branch-
pipe
Gauge
Front-
end
Branch-
pipe
Fire-
box
the
the
Test
Test
Ib.
Ib.
Code Item J5^~
345
353
380
383
367
370
374
2401
a
114
1.90
79.2
12.0
18.9
190.0
172
539
566
1774
Medium
b
151
2.52
105.6
16.4
19.0
I'.io.n
172
533
564
1835
Mine
c
112
1.87
79.2
11.3
18.8
190.3
172
532
566
1907
Run
Entire
377
6.28
264.1
39.7
18.9
190.0
172
635
566
1835
2402
a
107
1.78
79.0
11.7
19.1
190.4
176
537
565
1772
Medium
b
115
1.92
79.0
12.4
18.9
190.1
172
542
563
1847
Mine
c
90
1.50
65.9
9.6
18.9
190.1
173
537
565
1825
Run
Entire
312
6.20
223.9
33.7
19.0
190.2
174
539
564
1812
2416
a
106
1.77
78.1
12.0
19.0
189.3
180
541
574
1852
Medium
b
141
2.35
104.1
15.7
18.8
189.5
180
536
572
1759
3"x6*
c
103
1.72
76.9
11.7
19.0
189.5
180
544
577
1794
Egg
Entire
360
5.83
259.1
39.4
18.9
189.5
180
540
674
1801
2405
a
69
1.15
105.2
14.0
25.1
189.1
168
628
628
2284
High
b
31
0.52
52.6
6.4
25.2
188.7
169
627
628
2238
Mine
c
63
1.05
105.2
12.9
26.0
185.9
168
625
628
2279
Run
Entire
163
2 72
262 9
33.3
25.5
187.8
168
627
628
2271
2406
a
72
1.20
105.3
14.7
25.6
187.8
167
631
629
2257
High
b
34
0.57
52.6
7.0
25.7
188.5
169
632
630
2320
Mine
c
55
0.92
87.2
11.0
25.7
187.1
168
630
634
2467
Run
Entire
161
2.68
245 1
32 7
25.6
187.8
167
631
631
2334
2413
a
72
1.20
104.3
14.8
25.7
187 . 3
168
616
628
2227
High
b
34
0.57
52.2
7.3
25.7
186.5
168
615
632
2271
2*x3"
c
74
1.23
114.9
15.2
25.7
187.3
168
602
636
2305
Nut
Entire
180
3.00
271.3
37.3
25.7
187.1
168
611
632
2267
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE
95
TABLE 28 (Continued)
TEST CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS FOR Six TESTS, WHICH HAVE
BEEN DIVIDED INTO THREE TESTS EACH
1
2
13 | 14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
TEST
NUMBER
RATE
AND
SIZE
Section
of
Test
or
Entire
Test
Draft
in. of Water
Draw-
bar
Pull
Ib.
De-
grees
of
Super-
heat
Coal as Fired
Ib.
Dry Coal
Ib.
Front-
end
Front
of
Dia-
phragm
Fire-
box
Ash-
pan
Total
Per
Hour
Per
Hour
per
Sq. ft.
of
Grate
Surface
Per
Hour
Per
Hour
per
Sq. ft.
of
Grate
Surface
Code Item ^"
394
396
397
487
409
418
626
627
2401
Medium
Mine
Run
a
b
c
Entire
2.7
2.9
2.8
2.8
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
21463
21833
21864
21727
190
188
190
190
6000
8000
6000
20000
3158
3178
3214
3183
45.2
45.5
46.1
45.6
2911
2929
2962
2934
41.7
42.0
42.4
42.0
2402
Medium
Mine
Run
a
b
Entire
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.0
.4
.7
.7
.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
21873
21885
21684
21822
187
187
189
187
6000
6000
5000
17000
3365
3130
3333
3269
48.2
44.8
47.8
46.8
3094
2877
3065
3005
44.3
41.2
43.9
43.1
2416
Medium
3" x 6"
Egg
a
b
c
Entire
3.4
3.6
3.7
3.6
.5
.8
.9
.7
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
22782
23262
23231
23115
195
193
198
195
6000
8000
5915
19915
3396
3404
3445
3414
48.7
48.8
49.4
48.9
3084
3092
3129
3101
44.2
44.3
44.8
44.4
2405
High
Mine
Run
a
b
Entire
8.2
8.5
8.6
8.4
4.1
4.3
4.4
4.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
28879
28708
28687
28771
254
253
254
254
8000
4000
8000
20000
6957
7737
7619
7361
99.7
110.9
109.2
105.5
6382
7099
6990
6753
91.4
101.7
100.2
96.8
2406
High
Mine
Run
a
b
Entire
8.6
8.8
8.7
8.6
4.2
4.5
4.1
4.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
28600
29183
28642
28718
255
255
260
257
8000
4000
6630
18630
6667
7055
7230
6944
95.5
101.1
103.6
99.5
6122
6480
6640
6377
87.7
92.8
95.1
91.4
2413
High
2*x3"
Nut
a
b
c
Entire
8.9
9.2
9.6
9.2
4.0
4.4
4.7
4.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
28791
29407
29294
29100
253
257
261
258
8000
4000
8811
20811
6667
7055
7146
6937
95.5
101.1
102.4
99.4
6067
6420
6503
6313
86.9
92.0
93.2
90.4
Examination of the data shows that test conditions with regard to
speed, pressures, temperatures, drafts, drawbar pull, and quality of
steam were very uniform as between the first, middle, and final sections
of each test, with the single exception of fire-box temperature. In
general the temperature in the fire-box increased somewhat as the test
proceeded.
Columns 22 and 29 show, respectively, the rate of combustion
expressed in dry coal per square foot of grate per hour, and the rate
of evaporation expressed in equivalent evaporation per square foot of
heating surface per hour. During the medium rate tests these rates
were quite uniform through the 3 sections of each entire test. During
the high rate tests the rate of combustion increased as each test pro-
ceeded, the greater part of this increase occurring during the first
96
ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
TABLE 28 (Concluded)
TEST CONDITIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESULTS FOR Six TESTS, WHICH HAVE
BEEN DIVIDED INTO THREE -TESTS EACH
1
2
23
24
25 | 26
27 28
29
30
31
32
TEST
NUMBER
RATE
AND
SIZE
Section
of
Test
or
Entire
Test
Quality
of
Steam
in
Dome
Superheated Steam
Ib.
Equivalent
Evaporation
Ib.
B.t.u.
Ab-
sorbed
BoUer
perlb.
of
Coal
as
Fired
Boiler
Effi-
ciency
Per
Cent
Per
Hour
Per
Sq. ft.
of
Heating
Surface
ifJur
Per
Pound
of
Coal
as
Fired
Per
Pound
of
Dry
Coal
Per
Hour
Per
Sq. ft.
of
Heating
Surface
ifour
Per
Pound
of
Dry
Coal
Code Item ^~
407
645
648
658
666
2401
Medium
Mine
Run
a
b
Entire
0.9773
0.9798
0.9802
0.9791
22405
22973
21390
22328
4.81
4.93
4.59
4.79
7.09
7.23
6.66
7 01
7.70
7.85
7.23
7.61
29507
30278
28213
29451
6.33
6.50
6.05
6.32
10.14
10.34
9.53
10 04
9076
9360
8532
8988
75 . 68
77.22
71.14
74 95
2402
Medium
Mine
Run
a
b
c
Entire
0.9789
0.9808
0.9807
0.9801
23217
22961
22710
22970
4.98
4.92
4.87
4 93
6.90
7.33
6.82
7.02
7.51
7.98
7.41
7.64
90440
30217
20886
30183
6.53
6.48
6.41
6.48
9.84
10.50
9.75
10.04
8794
9377
8716
8969
73.99
78.90
73.34
75.46
2416
Medium
3'x6*
Egg
a
b
c
Entire
(l.iJXSX
0.9883
0.9886
0 9885
24037
23557
23952
23788
5.16
5.05
5.14
5 11
7.08
6.92
6.95
6.97
7.80
7.62
7.65
7.67
31729
31143
31736
31448
6.81
6.68
6.81
6 75
10.29
10.07
10.14
10.14
9076
8891
MM'..
8949
76.15
74.60
75.09
75 09
2405
High
Mine
Run
a
b
Entire
0.9612
0.9622
0.9660
0 9628
41962
42155
42176
42176
9.01
9.09
9.05
9 05
6.03
5.48
5.54
5.73
6.58
5.96
i; o:>
6.24
66641
57306
57107
57022
12.16
12.30
12.25
12.24
8.88
8.07
8.17
8 44
7910
7200
7J.vx
7531
67.30
61.27
02.01
64.08
2406
High
Mine
Run
a
b
Entire
0.9579
0.9607
0.9549
0 9574
42309
42321
41200
41946
9.08
9.08
8.84
9 00
6.35
6.00
5.70
6.04
6.91
6.53
6.20
6.58
57201
57345
55909
56795
12.27
12.31
12.00
12 19
9.34
8.85
8.42
8 91
8337
7900
7498
7949
70.20
66.52
63.14
66 93
2413
High
2'x3'
Nut
a
b
Entire
0.9449
0.9478
0.9489
0.9470
42374
44272
42381
42720
9.09
9.50
9.09
9.17
6.36
6.28
5.93
6 16
6.98
6.90
6.52
6.77
57332
60077
57553
57929
12.30
12.89
12.35
12 43
9.45
9.36
8.85
9.18
s.V,7
8279
7822
8114
69.70
69.05
65.24
67 67
section. During the high rate tests the rate of evaporation increased
with the increasing rate of combustion during the first part of the
test, but decreased during the latter part. This indication of some-
what poorer performance during the latter part of a long test is shown
more exactly by the values relating to efficiency.
Columns 30, 31 and 32 show the efficiency of the locomotive boiler
as a heat transferring device. For the medium rate tests the results
indicate that the efficiency during the first and middle sections of
the tests was higher than during the last section. For two out of
three of the medium rate tests the middle section showed a materially
higher efficiency than either the first or last sections. For the high
rate tests efficiency decreased in general from the first to the last sec-
TESTS OF ILLINOIS COAL ON A MIKADO LOCOMOTIVE 97
tion of each test, showing the best performance during the first part
of the test and poorer performance as the test proceeded.
The differences in performance which have been pointed out as
existing between different parts of a long test are in general small.
Where test conditions are not unusual and are under control, as is the
case in a testing laboratory, and where it is possible to maintain uni-
formly good fire-box conditions, short tests should give almost as relia-
ble and almost the same results regarding evaporative performance
and efficiency as much longer tests.
Boiler efficiency in general decreases as a test proceeds, so that,
in so far as differences in efficiency exist, the average result for a
long test would be lower than for a short test corresponding to the
first part of the long test, and higher than for a short test corre-
sponding to the last part of the long test. Boiler efficiency is more
apt to be uniform throughout long tests at medium rates of combustion
than at high rates of combustion.
The coal used during these tests gave little trouble in the firebox.
a very small amount of clinkers being formed and the ash being readily
removed. "With coal which clinkers badly or which produces excessive
honeycombing, the variations in performance between different parts
of a long test might be much greater than those here shown.
LIST OF
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
Bulletin No. 1. Tests of Reinforced Concrete Beams, by Arthur N. Talbot, 1904. None available.
Circular No. 1. High-Speed Tool Steels, by L. P. Breckenridge. 1905. None available.
Bulletin No. 2. Testa of High-Speed Tool Steels on Cast Iron, by L. P. Breckenridge and Henry
B. Dirks. 1905. None available.
Circular No. S. Drainage of Earth Roads, by Ira O. Baker. 1906. None available.
Circular No. S. Fuel Testa with Illinois Coal (Compiled from tests made by the Technological
Branch of the U. S. G. S., at the St. Louis, Mo., Fuel Testing Plant, 1904-1907), by L. P. Breckenridge
and Paul Diserens. 1909. Thirty cent*.
Bulletin No. S. The Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, by L. P.
Breckenridge. 1906. None available.
Bulletin No. 4- Tests of Reinforced Concrete Beams, Series of 1905, by Arthur N. Talbot.
1906. Forty-five cents.
Bulletin No. 6. Resistance of Tubes to Collapse, by Albert P. Carman and M. L. Carr. 1906.
None available.
Bulletin No. 6. Holding Power of Railroad Spikes, by Roy I. Webber, 1906. None available.
Bulletin No. 7. Fuel Tests with Illinois Coals, by L. P. Breckenridge, S. W. Parr, and Henry B.
Dirks. 1906. None available.
Bulletin No. 8. Tests of Concrete: I, Shear; II, Bond, by Arthur N. Talbot. 1906. None
available.
Bulletin No. 9. An Extension of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification Applied to the
Engineering Industries, by L. P. Breckenridge and G. A. Goodenough. 1906. Revised Edition
1912. Fifty cent*.
Bulletin No. 10. Testa of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Columns, Series of 1906, by
Arthur N. Talbot. 1907. None available.
Bulletin No. 11. The Effect of Scale on the Transmission of Heat through Locomotive Boiler
Tubes, by Edward C. Schmidt and John M. Snodgrass. 1907. None available.
Bulletin No. 12. Tests of Reinforced Concrete T-Beams, Series of 1906, by Arthur N. Talbot.
1007. None available.
Bulletin No. IS. An Extension of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification Applied to Archi-
tecture and Building, by N. Clifford Ricker. 1907. None available.
Bulletin No. U. Tests of Reinforced Concrete Beams, Series of 1906, by Arthur N. Talbot.
1907. None available.
Bulletin No. 16. How to Burn Illinois Coal Without Smoke, by L. P. Breckenridge. 1908-
None available.
Bulletin No. 16. A Study of Roof Trusses, by N. Clifford Ricker. 1908. None available.
Bulletin No. 17. The Weathering of Coal, by S. W. Parr, N. D. Hamilton, and W. F. Wheeler.
1908. None available.
Bulletin No. 18. The Strength of Chain Links, by G. A. Goodenough and L. E. Moore. 1908.
Forty cents.
Bulletin No. 19. Comparative Tests of Carbon, Metallized Carbon and Tantalum Filament
Lamps, by T. H. Amrine. 1908. None available.
Bulletin No. £0. Tests of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Columns, Series of 1907, by Arthur
N. Talbot. 1908. None available. ^
Bulletin No. SI. Tests of a Liquid Air Plant, by C. S. Hudson and C. M. Garland. 1908. Fifteen
cents.
Bulletin No. 22. Tests of Cast-Iron and Reinforced Concrete Culvert Pipe, by Arthur N. Talbot.
1908. None available.
Bulletin No. 28. Voids, Settlement, and Weight of Crushed Stone, by Ira O. Baker. 1908.
Fifteen cents.
*Bulletin No. 24. The Modification of Illinois Coal by Low Temperature Distillation, by S. W. Parr
and C. K. Francis. 1908. Thirty cents.
Bulletin No. 25. Lighting Country Homes by Private Electric Plants, by T. H. Amrine. 1908
Twenty cents.
*A limited number of copies of bulletins starred is available for free distribution.
98
PUBLICATIONS OP THE ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 99
Bulletin No. 28. High Steam-Pressures in Locomotive Service. A Review of a Report to the
Carnegie Institution of Washington, by W. F. M. Goss. 1908. Twenty-five cents.
Bulletin No. 187. Tests of Brick Columns and Terra Cotta Block Columns, by Arthur N. Talbot
and Duff A. Abrams. 1909. Twenty-five cents.
Bulletin No. 28. A Test of Three Large Reinforced Concrete Beams, by Arthur N. Talbot.
1909. Fifteen cents.
Bulletin No. 29. Tests of Reinforced Concrete Beams: Resistance to Web Stresses, Series of
1907 and 1908, by Arthur N. Talbot. 1909. Forty-five cents.
*Bulletin No. SO. On the Rate of Formation of Carbon Monoxide in Gas Producers, by J. K. Cle-
ment, L. H. Adams, and C. N. Haskins. 1909. Twenty-five cents.
*Bulletin No. 31. Fuel Tests with House-heating Boilers, by J. M. Snodgrass. 1909. Fifty-fivt
cents.
Bulletin No. 32. The Occluded Gases in Coal, by S. W. Parr and Perry Barker. 1909. Fifteen
cents.
Bulletin No. S3. Tests of Tungsten Lamps, by T. H. Amrine and A. Guell. 1909. Twenty cents.
^Bulletin No. 34. Tests of Two Types of Tile-Roof Furnaces under a Water-Tube Boiler, by J. M.
Snodgrass. 1909. Fifteen cents.
Bulletin No. 35. A Study of Base and Bearing Plates for Columns and Beams, by N. Clifford
Ricker. 1909. Twenty cents.
Bulletin No. 36. The Thermal Conductivity of Fire-Clay at High Temperatures, by J. K. Clement
and W. L. Egy. 1909. Twenty cents. ,
Bulletin No. 37. Unit Coal and the Composition of Coal Ash, by S. W. Parr and W. F. Wheeler.
1909. Thirty-five cents.
^Bulletin No. 38. The Weathering of Coal, by S. W. Parr and W. F. Wheeler. 1909. Twenty-
five cents.
^Bulletin No. 39. Tests of Washed Grades of Illinois Coal, by C. S. McGovney. 1909. Seventy-
_five cents.
Bulletin No. 40. A Study in Heat Transmission, by J. K. Clement and C. M. Garland. 1910.
Ten cents.
Bulletin No. 41. Tests of Timber Beams, by Arthur N. Talbot. 1910. Thirty-five cents.
^Bulletin No. 42. The Effect of Keyways on the Strength of Shafts, by Herbert F. Moore. 1910.
Ten cents.
Bulletin No. 43. Freight Train Resistance, by Edward C. Schmidt. 1910. Seventy-five cents.
Bulletin No. 44- An Investigation of Built-up Columns Under Load, by Arthur N. Talbot and
Herbert F. Moore. 1911. Thirty-five cents.
^Bulletin No. 45. The Strength of Oxyacetylene Welds in Steel, by Herbert L. Whittemore. 1911.
Thirty-five cents.
*Bulletin No. 46. The Spontaneous Combustion of Coal, by S. W. Parr and F. W. Kressman.
1911. Forty-five cents.
*Bulletin No. 47. Magnetic Properties of Heusler Alloys, by Edward B. Stephenson, 1911. Twen-
ty-five cents.
^Bulletin No. 48. Resistance to Flow Through Locomotive Water Columns, by Arthur N. Talbot
»nd Melvin L. Enger. 1911. Forty cents.
^Bulletin No. 49. Tests of Nickel-Steel Riveted Joints, by Arthur N. Talbot and Herbert F. Moore.
1911. Thirty cents.
^Bulletin No. 60. Tests of a Suction Gas Producer, by C. M. Garland and A. P. Kratz. 1912.
Fifty cents.
Bulletin No. 51. Street Lighting, by J. M. Bryant and H. G. Hake. 1912. Thirty-five cents.
^Bulletin No. 52. An Investigation of the Strength of Rolled Zinc, by Herbert F. Moore. 1912.
Fifteen cents.
^Bulletin No. 63. Inductance of Coils, by Morgan Brooks and H. M. Turner. 1912. Forty cents.
^Bulletin No. 54. Mechanical Stresses in Transmission Lines, by A. Guell. 1912. Twenty cents.
T ifBulletin No. 66. Starting Currents of Transformers, with Special Reference to Transformers with
Silicon Steel Cores, by Trygve D. Yensen. 1912. Twenty cents.
^Bulletin No. 66. Tests of Columns: An Investigation of the Value of Concrete as Reinforcement
for Structural Steel Columns, by Arthur N. Talbot and Arthur R. Lord. 1912. Twenty-five cents.
*Bulletin No. 67. Superheated Steam in Locomotive Service. A Review of Publication No. 127
of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, by W. F. M. Goss. 1912. Forty cents.
* A limited number of copies of bulletins starred is available for free distribution.
100 PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
^Bulletin No. 68. A New Analysis of the Cylinder Performance of Reciprocating Engines, by
J. Paul Clayton. 1912. Sixty cents.
*Buttetin No. 59. The Effect of Cold Weather Upon Train Resistance and Tonnage Rating, by
Edward C. Schmidt and F. W. Marquis. 1912. Twenty cents.
*Bulletin No. 60. The Coking of Coal at Low Temperatures, with a Preliminary Study of the
By-Products, by S. W. Parr and H. L. Olin. 1912. Twenty-five cents.
*Bulletin No. 61. Characteristics and Limitation of the Series Transformer, by A. R. Anderson
and H. R. Woodrow. 1913. Twenty-five cents.
Bulletin No. 68. The Electron Theory of Magnetism, by Elmer H. Williams. 1913. Thirty-five
cents.
Bulletin No. 63. Entropy-Temperature and Transmission Diagrams for Air, by C. R. Richards.
1913. Twenty-five cents.
*Buttetin No. 64- Tests of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Under Load, by Arthur N. Talbot and
Willis A. Slater. 1913. Fifty cents.
^Bulletin No. 66. The Steam Consumption of Locomotive Engines from the Indicator Diagrams,
by J. Paul Clayton. 1913. Forty cents.
Bulletin No. 66. The Properties of Saturated and Superheated Ammonia Vapor, by G. A. Good-
enough and William Earl Mosher. 1913. Fifty cents.
Bulletin No. 67. Reinforced Concrete Wall Footings and Column Footings, by Arthur N. Talbot.
1913. Fifty cents.
*BuUetin No. 68. Strength of I-Beams in Flexure, by Herbert F. Moore. 1913. Twenty cents.
Bulletin No. 69. Coal Washing in Illinois, by F. C. Lincoln. 1913. Fifty cents.
Bulletin No. 70. The Mortar-Making Qualities of Illinois Sands, by C. C. Wiley. 1913. Twenty
cents.
Bulletin No. 71. Tests of Bond between Concrete and Steel, by Duff A. Abrams. 1914. One
dollar.
*Bulletin No. 79. Magnetic and Other Properties of Electrolytic Iron Melted in Vacuo, by Trygve
D. Yensen. 1914. Forty cents.
Bulletin No. 73. Acoustics of Auditoriums, by F. R. Watson. 1914. Twenty cents.
*Bulletin No. 74. The Tractive Resistance of a 28-Ton Electric Car, by Harold H. Dunn. 1914.
Twenty-five cents.
Bulletin No. 76. Thermal Properties of Steam, by G. A. Goodenough. 1914. Thirty-five cents.
Bulletin No. 76. The Analysis of Coal with Phenol as a Solvent, by S. W. Parr and H. F. Hadley.
1914. Twenty-five cents.
*Bulletin No. 77. The Effect of Boron upon the Magnetic and Other Properties of Electrolytic
Iron Melted in Vacuo, by Trygve D. Yensen. 1915. Ten cents.
*Bulletin No. 78. A Study of Boiler Losses, by A. P. Kratz. 1915. Thirty-five cents.
*Bulletin No. 79. The Coking of Coal at Low Temperatures, with Special Reference to the Prop-
erties and Composition of the Products, by S. W. Parr and H. L. Olin. 1915. Twenty-five cents.
^Bulletin No. 80. Wind Stresses in the Steel Frames of Office Buildings, by W. M. Wilson and
G. A. Maney. 1915. Fifty cents.
"^Bulletin No. 81. Influence of Temperature on the Strength of Concrete, by A B. McDaniel.
19 15-. Fifteen cents.
Bulletin No. 82. Laboratory Tests of a Consolidation Locomotive, by E. C. Schmidt, J. M. Snod-
grass and R. B. Keller. 1915. Sixty-five cents.
*Bulletin No. 83. Magnetic and Other Properties of Iron-Silicon Alloys. Melted in Vacuo, by
Trygve D. Yensen. 1915. Thirty-five cents.
Bulletin No. 84. Tests of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab Structure, by A. N. Talbot and W. A.
Slater. 1916. Sixty-five cents.
*Bulletin No. 86. Strength and Stiffness of Steel Under Biaxial Loading, by A. J. Becker. 1916.
Thirty-five cents.
^Bulletin No. 86. The Strength of I-Beams and Girders, by Herbert F. Moore and W. M. Wilson.
1916. Thirty cents.
*Bulletin No. 87. Correction of Echoes in the Auditorium, University of Illinois, by F. R. Watson
and J. M. White. 1916. Fifteen cents.
Bulletin No. 88. Dry Preparation of Bituminous Coal at Illinois Mines, by E. A. Holbrook. 1916.
Seventy cents.
* A limited number of copies of bulletins starred is available for free distribution.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 101
*Bulletin No. 89. Specific Gravity Studies of Illinois Coal, by Merle L. Nebel. 1916. Thirty
cents.
^Bulletin No. 90. Some Graphical Solutions of Electric Railway Problems by A. M. Buck. 1916.
Twenty cents.
*Bulletin No. 91. Subsidence Resulting from Mining, by L. E. Young and H. H. Stock. 1916.
*Bullelin No. 92. The Tractive Resistance on Curves of a 28-Ton Electric Car, by E. C. Schmidt
and H. H. Dunn. 1916. Twenty-five cents.
^Bulletin No. 93. A Preliminary Study of the Alloys of Chromium, Copper, and Nickel, by D. F.
McFarland and O. E. Harder. 1916. Thirty-five cents.
^Bulletin No. 94. The Embrittling Action of Sodium Hydroxide on Soft Steel, by S. W. Parr.
1917. Thirty cents.
^Bulletin No. 95. Magnetic and Other Properties of Iron-Aluminum Alloys Melted in Vacuo, by
Trygve D. Yensen and Walter A. Gatward. 1917. Twenty-five cents.
^Bulletin No. 96. The Effect of Mouthpieces on the Flow of Water Through a Submerged Short
Pipe, by Fred B. Seely. 1917. Twenty-five cents.
^Bulletin No. 97. Effects of Storage Upon the Properties of Coal, by S. W. Parr. 1917. Twenty
cents.
^Bulletin No. 98. Tests of Oxyacetylene Welded Joints in Steel Plates, by Herbert F. Moore.
1917. Ten cents.
Circular No. 4- The Economical Purchase and Use of Coal for Heating Homes with Special
Reference to Conditions in Illinois. 1917. Ten cents.
^Bulletin No. 99. The Collapse of Short Thin Tubes, by A. P. Carman. 1917. Twenty cents.
^Circular No. 5. The Utilization of Pyrite Occurring in Illinois Bituminous Coal, by E. A.
Holbrook. 1917. Twenty cents.
^Bulletin No. 100. Percentage of Extraction of Bituminous Coal with Special Reference to Illinois
Conditions, by C. M. Young. 1917.
*BulletinNo. 101. Comparative Tests of Six Sizes of Illinois Coal on a Mikado Locomotive, by
E. C. Schmidt, J. M. Snodgrass, and O. S. Beyer, Jr. 1917. Fifty cents.
1 A limited number of copies of bulletins starred is available for free distribution.
THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
THE STATE UNIVERSITY
Urbana
EDMUND J. JAMES, Ph. D., LL. D., President
THE UNIVERSITY INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENTS:
The Graduate School
The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ancient and Modern Languages and
Literatures; History, Economics, Political Science, Sociology; Philosophy,
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ing, Insurance, Accountancy, Railway Administration, Foreign Commerce;
Courses for Commercial Teachers and Commercial and Civic Secretaries)
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Mechanical, Mining, Municipal and Sanitary, and Railway Engineering)
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Horticulture and Landscape Gardening; Agricultural Extension; Teachers
Course; Household Science)
The College of Law (three years' course)
The School of Education
The Course in Journalism
The Courses hi Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
The School of Railway Engineering and Administration
The School of Music (four years' course)
The School of Library Science (two years' course)
The College of Medicine (in Chicago)
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The Summer Session (eight weeks)
Experiment Stations and Scientific Bureaus: U. S. Agricultural Experiment
Station ^Engineering Experiment Station; State Laboratory of Natural His-
tory; State Entomologist's Office; Biological Experiment Station on Illinois
River; State Water Survey; State Geological Survey; U. S. Bureau of Mines
Experiment Station.
The library collections contain (July 1, 1917) 400,720 volumes and 102,029 pam-
phlets.
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